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Introduction

annotation

Chapter 1. Social protection. General provisions

1.1 The concept, functions and principles of social protection of the population

1.2 Factors of formation and development, mechanisms of social protection of the population

1.3 The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population

Chapter 2. Methods of social protection of the population

2.1 Organizational and administrative methods of social protection of the population

2.2 Socio-economic methods of social protection of the population

Chapter 3. Social protection of certain categories of citizens

3.1 Technology of social protection of the elderly

3.2 Technologies of social protection and social services for families

3.3 Technologies of social protection of servicemen and their families

Chapter 4. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection

4.1 Prospects for the development of social protection

4.2 Problems in the development of social protection

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

INTRODUCTION

social security elderly soldier

The transition period to market relations marks a new stage in the socio-economic development of Russia. At the same time, being progressive, in fact, it brought to life processes that even in the Western world became manageable only decades later.

In the conditions of Russia, this means that the existing experience and existing infrastructure should be used to the maximum, which will serve as the basis for the formation of a new concept. social security.

how professional activity social work for more than centuries of history has accumulated a huge amount of empirical material, theoretical understanding, generalization and systematization of which opens up new prospects for practice in terms of increasing its efficiency and effectiveness.

One of the main tasks social work at present - further development and improvement of existing forms, methods, methods and techniques of activity used by a specialist to solve social problems of clients, stimulating the activation of their forces to change an unfavorable life situation.

When writing this work, the goal was set: to reveal the essence of the methods and mechanisms of social protection of the population.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be distinguished:

Give the concept of social protection of the population;

To reveal the functions and principles of social protection of the population;

Consider the factors of formation and development of social protection of the population;

Consider methods of social protection of the population.

An object research methods and technologies of social protection.

The subject of the study is the social protection of the population.

The methods used in writing the work are:

General scientific methods;

Private scientific methods (comparative-analytical, etc.).

The course work consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and an appendix. The first chapter discusses the essence, principles, functions of social protection of the population. The second chapter discusses the methods of social protection, the structure of social protection bodies. The third chapter reveals the technologies of social protection of certain groups of the population. The fourth chapter reveals the problems and prospects for the development of social protection in Russia.

ANNOTATION

The functions and principles of social protection, problems and prospects for the development of social protection are considered. Models and technologies of social protection are analyzed different categories population.

Keywords Keywords: models and technologies of social protection, functions and principles of social protection.

Chapter 1.SOCIAL PROTECTION. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1 Pconcept, functions and principles of social protection of the population

Social protection of the population - a system of principles, methods, legislatively established by the state social guarantees, activities and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and active existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, means of the state and society directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others; complex government measures socio-economic and legal nature to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable segments of the population during the period of economic transformation (transition to market relations) and the associated decrease in their standard of living.

The purpose of the system of social protection of the population is to provide support and assistance to groups of the population and individual citizens in need of this with the help of regulatory, economic, socio-psychological, organizational and technical means and levers. Basic principles of social protection: humanity, social justice, targeting, comprehensiveness, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society.

The main goals of social protection of the population are to get rid of absolute poverty (when the average per capita total family income is below the subsistence level), to provide material assistance to the population in extreme conditions, and to promote the adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions of a market economy.

An integral element of the social protection of the population in crisis conditions the transition to market relations is social assistance, provision in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided subject to social guarantees legally established by the state; totality social services, medical and social, socio-economic, social, social, psychological, socio-pedagogical and other support of a person from state and non-state structures during his crisis, in difficult life situations. It performs the function of providing assistance for poverty to certain groups of the population in extreme conditions; is in the nature of periodic and one-time cash supplements to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to neutralize critical life situations, unfavorable economic conditions. Social assistance (support) is carried out at the expense of local authorities, enterprises (organizations), non-budgetary and charitable foundations in order to provide targeted, differentiated assistance to those in need.

the most important integral part social protection of the population is an institution of bodies of social work. The purpose of their activity is to carry out the policy of the state aimed at establishing stable and orderly links between the various levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, to provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, to develop economic independence in management. The effectiveness of the work of the bodies of social protection of the population is expressed in resolving the problems of economic, socio-political and spiritual development, ensuring the stabilization of society. The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational teams of this system, as well as relations between people. The subjects of management are bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministry, committees, departments, administrations, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled by social institutions to ensure the achievement of goals. The main levels of social work bodies: republic (Federation), region, labor collective, non-state (charitable) public organizations. An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.

The main functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the federal level: the organization of pension services and the provision of benefits; social service; medical and social expertise, rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care; social assistance to families and children; preparation of legislation on social protection of the population; foreign economic and international cooperation, as well as the development of provisions on the fundamentals social policy, analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population, preparation of recommendations for the development of regional social programs, development social norms assets, etc.

The functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher bodies, with a certain independence, include: ensuring and solving production and economic problems, planned and financial and economic activities, creating various social assistance funds, solving economic problems, etc.

Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and funds for social assistance to the population.

Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on constitutional and legal guidelines and international pacts on the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social support (assistance). The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society. The main prerequisites for its development is a change in the form of ownership; change in the distribution system wealth and services and the formation of new relationships between members of society; the need to solve a number of social problems (unemployment, guarantees of social protection in old age, medical care, etc.), social stratification of society, as well as providing a legislative basis for the protection of human rights and freedoms.

Social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for the family, the elderly, veterans and the disabled, persons dismissed from military service, and members of their families, system development social services, implementation public policy in the field of pension provision and labor relations.

1.2 Factors of formation and development, mechanisms of social protection of the population

At present, the system of social protection of the population is developing as social institution, which is characterized by a set of social norms, principles, institutions and organizations and determines sustainable forms of social behavior and actions of people.

The institution of social protection can be viewed as a complex system that is being formed in society to solve numerous interrelated social problems caused by the need to help socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population. The formation and development of such an institution takes place on the basis of the emerging legislative and regulatory framework, the creative use of historical experience, under the influence of the political, socio-economic, spiritual and moral situation in society, existing ideas about the nature and forms of social assistance to people. Its development as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society is influenced by numerous factors: political, economic, ideological, moral and psychological, factors associated with social work as a professional activity, etc.

Legislative and executive authorities are taking specific measures to counter the many potential and real threats to which Russia's vital interests are exposed in terms of:

* overcoming poverty;

* slowing down the decline in the standard of living of the population, the social differentiation of society;

* Elimination of various kinds of emergencies.

Important is the introduction of economic, market mechanisms in distribution channels and resource provision of social protection.

The growth of savings and investment in social protection makes it possible to carry out decent unemployment insurance and pension insurance, material support for disabled citizens, strengthen the material and technical base of social service institutions; reducing labor turnover and securing it at enterprises with social protection measures is a reflection of the influence of economic factors on the state and development of the social protection system.

Establishing interaction between people, assisting them in social functioning is the sphere of interests of the institute of social protection.

Thus, the development of the system of social protection of the population is actively influenced by factors associated with its deeper impact as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society.

Factors related to social work as a professional activity. The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely connected and interdependent. Becoming a professional activity, social work presupposes the existence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, everything that social protection as a social institution can provide. The system of social protection, primarily at the meso- and micro-level, is a kind of "organizational-legal field" for social work, where it fulfills its goals and objectives, implements its main functions. In turn, with the help of social work, the functions of social protection are implemented. The arrival of trained specialists in social work, an increase in the level of professionalism in working with clients, an increased ability to ensure interaction in activities to provide assistance and support to people with government organizations and public associations - all this increases the effectiveness of social protection measures.

The state level of social protection ensures the guaranteed provision of statutory pensions, services and benefits in accordance with monetary and social standards. At the regional level, taking into account local conditions and opportunities, the issues of an additional increase in the level of provision above the state level are being addressed. At the discretion of local authorities, it is possible to establish regional security standards, but not lower than those enshrined in legislation. A provision has been adopted on the territorial social service, which is intended to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of elderly and old citizens in need of social protection.

The peculiarity of the social policy of states in modern conditions consists in transferring the center of gravity in the implementation of social protection of the elderly and old people directly to the field. Social protection for the next crisis period is a set of additional measures to provide material assistance to old people, carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, as well as specially created funds for social support of the population, in addition to the funds allocated by these funds, and in addition to social guarantees traditionally implemented by the system social security.

In recent years, there has been a significant growth of public and charitable organizations, the activation of their participation in the implementation of measures for the social protection of the population.

Among the mechanisms of social protection of the population, the following can be distinguished: legal, organizational and administrative, financial and material and personnel.

1.3 The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population

The social security system of each country has its own characteristics in connection with specific socio-economic conditions. The right to social security is enshrined in the Constitution Russian Federation and is a complex of interrelated organizational and legislative measures.

Basically, in the Russian Federation, social protection of disabled and low-income groups of the population is carried out in two main areas - social security and social assistance.

Social security in Russia includes the following types:

Pensions (old age, disability, survivors, seniority, social):

Benefits (temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, mothers with many children and single mothers, children in low-income families and conscripts, disabled children, etc.);

vocational training and employment of disabled people:

Prosthetic and orthopedic care

medical and labor examination and rehabilitation of the disabled

Benefits and benefits for the disabled.

And although the entire social security system has common features, but at the same time, each type has its own characteristics.

The efficiency of the social system largely depends on the thoughtfulness of the financing mechanism. Social insurance payments are made from insurance funds, in which the funds collected in the form of taxes are concentrated. And state investments are made at the expense of appropriations from budgetary funds (republican and local budgets). As a result, funds for social security are concentrated primarily in the public service and in the fund social insurance.

The existing system of social services includes state (see Appendix), municipal and non-state services. All social services are focused primarily on providing people in need with various types of social services.

Depending on the orientation of social services, the functions performed by them differ, which were grouped as follows:

a) the actual function of social assistance, which includes both registration, identification of persons to us and the prevention of poverty and home services for those in need, etc.;

b) the function of consulting, which includes consultations of specialists on various issues related to social aspects;

c) the function of informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs;

d) the function of participation, which provides for the development of emergency programs and assistance in overcoming the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts.

The importance of the following four principles should be noted:

The principle of the priority of state principles in the organization of social services and guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services:

The principle of relying on public participation:

Principle of territoriality:

The principle of awareness: meaning the right to collect information and information necessary for social services to perform their functions.

It is also necessary to note the role of the social service management system for the successful functioning of the social security system. At present, the management of the social service is carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population together with the bodies of health, public education, culture, physical education and sports, law enforcement agencies, state services for youth and employment and other government bodies, as well as with public, religious, charitable organizations and foundations. In the future, great help in coordinating activities for social services population can be carried out by the local administration, consisting of deputies, representatives of interested organizations, financial and sponsorship circles.

Chapter 2METHODS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION

2.1 Organizational and administrative methods of social protection of the population

Administrative (organizational) methods are of great importance in management practice. The management system uses a fairly large number of methods of administrative influence, which can be classified according to several criteria.

If, as a criterion, we consider the function that the methods of administrative influence perform in real management, then three large groups can be distinguished: regulatory, administrative and disciplinary methods.

Administrative methods are a hard type of influence. With their help, one or another system of organization is created, the tasks, rights and responsibilities of management structures are determined, certain rules are established, specific instructions for action, the framework for the behavior of managers and subordinates.

organizational methods. They are used when it is necessary to create a particular social system, when designing the organizational structure of an enterprise, institution.

disciplinary methods. In social work, when one has to solve numerous problems, a real impact on people is unthinkable without the appropriate order and rules of discipline. This means not only the observance of labor discipline, but also the establishment of personal and professional responsibility to clients, teams, and groups. The right combination various kinds accountability increases efficiency and effectiveness organizational methods management.

Classified methods and control functions. The concept of "function" in social practice is associated with the activities, duties, work of social services and institutions.

One of the most important functions social management- planning. Planning involves: determining the goals of the activity, choosing the means to achieve the goal, determining the form of organization of life and social assistance, creating a program to achieve the goal, taking into account the results of activities, adjusting the adopted programs, scientifically based prediction of the results of the program, setting new tasks and goals that appear after program implementation.

Forecasting - scientific prediction of the future, determination of the final state of the client for the future, its transitional states.

Modeling is an ideal development of various situations and states of development of an object during the entire planning period.

Programming - identifying the stages of a sequential transition to a new state. This includes the development of the algorithm for the functioning of the system, the determination of the necessary resources, the choice of means and methods of activity. social institutions, services and specialists.

The main task of social work as a management process in the system of social protection of the population is to help develop the creative, life potential contained in each individual, through powers and administrative methods, to protect socially disadvantaged sections of the population from the negative impact of spontaneous market relations, the negative consequences of socio-economic reforms in society.

2.2 Socio-economic methods of social protection of the population

The transition to a socially oriented market economy requires the creation of a holistic, diverse and effective system social protection, including economic and legal guarantees for ensuring the fundamental rights of citizens - legally enshrined state forms and levels of satisfaction of the needs of different population groups.

Methods of social protection should be built on the basis of social standards, which are scientifically based indicators of the level of consumption of various goods and services, the amount of cash income and other living conditions of the population. The most important among social standards is the minimum consumer budget. It is a system of social norms that express the ideas that have developed in society about the minimum socially necessary level of consumption that ensures the satisfaction of the most urgent needs. Its total volume corresponds to the level of nominal income, which makes it possible to satisfy nutritional needs at the level of the minimum physiological consumption norms that cover energy costs and the body's need for basic nutrients necessary for the life of adults, for the growth and development of children. Incomes must also be sufficient to meet the minimum needs for the necessary items of clothing, footwear, cultural and household items and household items, basic types of services.

The system of social protection of the population currently being created is largely based on the experience of the most developed foreign countries with market economy. However, if in Russia its main elements are created one-time, on a legislative basis and mainly on the state economic basis, then in most other countries the social protection system was the result of a fairly long development and is distinguished by many forms and economic sources. At the same time, social support systems also have common characteristics determined by the main features of the socialized economy, which makes it possible to creatively borrow the experience of other countries.

The minimum consumer budget is the normative basis of the system of social protection of the population. What specific functions does it involve?

1) First of all, the volume of the minimum consumer budget is the boundary that outlines the level of poverty. All persons whose income level is below it should automatically be objects of social protection and have the right to the assistance of the society, because. they fall into the category of poverty.

The poverty line is the minimum level of real income that allows citizens of a given country in a given period of time at a given price level to cover the costs of meeting the most basic material needs, i.e. provide a living wage. The subsistence minimum is the minimum set of food products, industrial goods and services necessary to meet the basic physiological needs of a person.

Currently in social sciences There are two technologies for determining poverty.

a) Absolute approach. Based on the understanding of poverty as an absolute category. The poverty rate is determined on the basis of the subsistence minimum. With this approach, the poverty lines are determined by experts, by studying the level of satisfaction of the social needs of families of different types and sizes of income.

b) Relative approach. Poverty is seen as a relative category. Families are considered poor if their incomes fall far short of the standard of well-being accepted in a given society and do not allow them to lead a lifestyle that is most common in society.

In this case, the indicator “average per capita family income” can be taken as a basis. The poor will be classified as such a layer of people who have an income that is half the average per capita income in a given country for a given period. The beggars will include people whose income is half the income of the poor, or only a quarter of the average per capita income in the country.

In practice, the "administrative" definition of the poor is widespread. In this case, the subsistence minimum practically does not play the role of a guideline in social policy, and the status of "poor" is given to certain categories of the population with the greatest risk of impoverishment (large families, single mothers, pensioners).

However, it should be noted that it is extremely difficult to measure poverty today. No clear information on living conditions, availability of durables, unknown specific gravity second job, real income, etc.

The problem of the poor is one of the most difficult for any government. On the one hand, the degree of civilization of a country is directly determined by how tolerable living conditions it can provide for its poor. On the other hand, excessive concern for the poor weakens the incentives to work for the most gifted, able-bodied and industrious citizens and threatens to reduce the overall level of economic development countries. This is the real contradiction of economics.

Support for disabled citizens, for example, disabled children, large families and single-parent families - everyone who objective reasons simply unable to earn at least a living wage, is carried out at the expense of tax and other revenues to the state budget.

At the same time, the state acts as a redistributor of income between various groups of citizens (such redistributions are usually called transfer payments - from the English word "transfer" - movement, transfer).

2) The second most important function of the minimum budget is the actual function of the normative framework for social protection. The size of the legally established minimum wage depends on the minimum budget, and on it, in turn, the size of all pensions, allowances, scholarships and other payments established as a percentage of the minimum wage.

The level of poverty can provide only the most necessary needs - food and some services. Typically, the amount of social benefits is 20-30% of the average salary.

The norms of the minimum consumer budget are also the basis for establishing and revising consumption norms in institutions in the field of socio-cultural services that operate free of charge: hospitals, children's preschool institutions and institutions of social protection.

3) And finally, the third function. The "consumer basket" - a set of items included in the minimum consumer budget - serves as the basis for registering the price index for goods and services, which in turn is the most important element in the formation of a system of social support for the population.

Indexation should correspond to the current price increase. To register it, a price monitoring service is created. For this purpose, about a thousand representative products and about a hundred services are selected.

Indexation is a mechanism for adjusting the monetary income of the population, taking into account the consumer price level index. The indexation mechanism consists of an index by which income is adjusted, the types of income that are subject to indexation, and the frequency of their regulation.

The main directions of the social policy of the state in the field of income from 1993 to the present have been the regulation of the minimum level of income for various categories of the population ( wages, pensions, benefits). The main instrument of such regulation is the “living wage” indicator, which is the minimum allowable rate consumption by one person of 19 essential foodstuffs.

When indexing, the following manipulations are usually allowed:

* "basket" includes, as a rule, the cheapest and low-quality goods with different possibilities of price growth;

* the volume of consumption is determined by the physiological minimum

* and often even significantly below this minimum;

* Income indexation is carried out with a significant delay and lagging behind the actual price growth, opening up opportunities to additionally "pocket" the population's income.

Thus, the experience of carrying out social protection measures shows that they can be an effective tool for maintaining living standards, however, the main elements of the new system currently being introduced are not absolute, and some of them, for example, income indexation, are applied in the context of economic reform. in extremely limited and inefficient forms.

At present, a system of targeted social assistance to low-income strata of the population is being put into practice. The main differences between the targeted social protection program and those adopted earlier are: the exclusion of mass “equalizing” benefits for large groups of the population with different income levels; assistance planning (material, in-kind targeting, etc.) only to socially unprotected groups of the population with a per capita income below the cost of the food basket of the minimum consumer budget. Methods of influencing social and economic needs and interests are used in the form of in-kind and monetary assistance, the establishment of benefits and the payment of lump-sum allowances and compensations, patronage and consumer services, moral encouragement and sanctions, etc.

Chapter 3SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS

3.1 Social Security Technologyelderlyof people

One of the trends observed in recent decades in developed countries world, -- the growth in the absolute number and relative proportion of the population of older people. There is a steady, fairly rapid process of reducing the proportion of children and young people in the total population and increasing the proportion of the elderly. Today, every fifth inhabitant of Russia is an old-age pensioner. In almost all families, at least one of the family members - old man. The problems of third generation people can be considered universal. Elderly people need increased attention from society and the state, and are a specific object of social work.

The goal of the state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation is a sustainable increase in the level and quality of life of older people based on social solidarity and justice, maintaining a balance of interests of all socio-demographic groups of the population and rational use of financial and other resources.

Social protection is implemented through prevention and rehabilitation aimed at preserving the well-being of the old person by reducing risk factors; through support, which is the help that older people need to maintain the highest possible level of autonomy; and through representation, i.e. protecting the interests of old people recognized as incapacitated on their behalf to provide the necessary assistance. Social protection of the strategic level is the direction of the state social policy in relation to the elderly. Its peculiarity at the present stage is the transfer of the center of gravity directly to the places (targeting, "district principle"). It can be both institutions of social protection and social services, and the family of an elderly person.

Social protection and social services are implemented at the state, municipal levels and in the sector of non-state social services.

To ensure a decent life for the elderly in the system of social protection, social service centers have proven themselves very positively, helping lonely elderly and disabled people to adapt in a difficult life situation.

In the last decade, stationary institutions for the elderly have been actively updated: boarding houses and geriatric centers. There was a system of hospitals for day stay of pensioners. Residential high-rise buildings are being built, in which only the elderly and old people move in. Clubs of social mutual assistance for the elderly have become more active. The fear of loneliness, the loss of many industrial and friendly contacts lead to the fact that many pensioners take part in organizations based on age community in order to regulate both inside and outside this socio-demographic group.

3.2 Technologies of social protection and social services for families

In relation to families of various categories of clients: disabled people, pensioners, military personnel, refugees, etc. -- are used various technologies social work. Types and forms of social assistance, the purpose of which is to preserve the family as a social institution as a whole and each specific family in need of support, can be divided into emergency, i.e. aimed at family survival (emergency assistance, urgent social assistance, immediate removal from the family of children in danger or left without parental care), aimed at maintaining the stability of the family, at the social development of the family and its members.

Social work, focused on the stabilization of family ties, includes the normalization of relations between spouses, between parents and children, the relationship of all these family members with others.

Sometimes parents do not allow their child to go to school, and children who attend school do not participate much in school affairs, they have few or no friends, they lag behind in development, and study poorly. The child does not trust adults, he may try to run away from home, commit suicide. In addition, signs of beatings, abrasions or burns on the skin, hemorrhages in the whites of the eyes, traces of blood or semen on clothes may indicate abuse of the child in the family.

The technologies used in cases of domestic violence also include the organization of social shelters (hotels, shelters), which enable women and children (there are shelters abroad for men who are abused in the family) to wait out the crisis of the family situation in a safe place. However, as a rule, it is unproductive to be limited only to this type of assistance, because unresolved family conflicts periodically become aggravated. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to medium-term assistance programs aimed at stabilizing the family, restoring its functional ties, normalizing relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationship of all these family members with others.

Thus, work with "difficult" children and adolescents involves diagnosing the family and school situation, identifying the child's primary social network, and obligatory analysis of his medical-social and intellectual-psychological status. Based on the data obtained, a program is drawn up to work with the child's family, resolve his school problems, involve him in a more favorable social network. Such a program is carried out by a team of specialists, including social worker, a social educator, a psychologist, sometimes a lawyer, with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies, cultural and sports centers. In the course of such work, socio-psychological counseling of the family is carried out in parallel in order to eliminate mutual misunderstanding, unproductive types of family interaction, conflict in relationships; socio-legal counseling, which allows the family to realize and learn how to defend their rights in relationships with the social environment, primarily with the educational system; pedagogical counseling, as well as pedagogical assistance, which helps to overcome the school difficulties of the child (children). Of great importance are also psycho-corrective measures, changes in self-esteem of adults and children, the elimination of negative stereotypes and the development of a benevolent and respectful attitude towards each other. Often, such activities also contain social components proper - for example, assistance in finding a job for parents, improving housing conditions (which, of course, for all its importance depends primarily on the socio-economic situation in the country and in a particular locality).

3.3 Technologies of social protection of servicemen and their families

Social work with the families of military personnel differs depending on the nature and depth of their social problems, which is largely determined by belonging to the draft or contract contingent, a certain composition of military personnel, and the length of their stay in military service. So, of course, the material difficulties and social restrictions experienced by conscripts and their families (small allowance, life in the barracks, away from the family) may not be typical for soldiers of special specialties (musicians, athletes), who sometimes live in a family and receive a certain remuneration for their work during the period of military service.

The goals of social work are general view consist in restoring the physical and mental strength of military personnel, correcting their personal attitudes, teaching them to be tolerant of forced communication with others; to introduce elements of social justice into the subordinate relations characteristic of military service.

Social work with military personnel is carried out directly in the conditions of the Armed Forces, and in society as a whole. It would be wrong to think that in the army it is the responsibility of only deputy commanders for work with personnel. Of course, it is they who are primarily obliged to deal with the social protection of military personnel, just like military psychologists, lawyers, and specialists from military medical institutions. However, combat commanders and leaders of any rank must also ensure, within their competence, the social security of their subordinate military personnel and their families. One of critical tasks- observance of all rights and benefits that are due to military personnel in accordance with applicable law, ensuring such social and living conditions that do not destroy the health and performance of people performing military service.

An important role is played by the elimination of at least the most rude manifestations of informal relations in the Armed Forces within the framework of the "grandfather" and "compatriot" status systems.

Social work with parents of retirement age of conscripts is similar to social work with other elderly clients. Of course, during armed conflicts, military family members especially need information about the life and health of their relatives, but only the Russian Ministry of Defense and other ministries and departments whose employees are in the combat zone, and not social service institutions, are able to organize such work.

Main social problems contract servicemen belonging to different compositions (officer, warrant officer, foreman or soldier) may be similar: problems with the education and upbringing of children; health problems of the soldier himself and his family members; housing problems; problems with the work and social status of the wife of a serviceman. Tension in the family of a serviceman can be caused not only by general family problems, but also by a number of specific factors: uncertainty about the future, fatigue from material deprivation and frequent moves to undeveloped places, difficult and stressful service; dissatisfaction of the wife with the insufficient participation of her husband in family life and the upbringing of children, the unfulfillment of their opportunities; concern for the fate of children, etc.

This condition can be exacerbated by the feeling of being forced to stay in military service, the inability to change one's life, the uncertainty of one's future, since dismissal from military service entails the loss of the right to some benefits (it's no secret that for a significant part of contract servicemen, military service is - this is the only or most suitable opportunity to get a living space for a family).

Military personnel subject to early dismissal from military service, as well as recently discharged, experience a social and psychological crisis, the depth of which depends on the length of their stay in military service, age, character traits, forced or voluntary dismissal from military service, the degree of solution of their social problems.

The unpredictability of relationships, characteristic of civilians, is contrary to the clarity and certainty of military service; skills of directive dealing with people are not always applicable in civilian conditions. The tasks of social work with military personnel serving under the contract are social and legal advice on all issues related to their rights and opportunities before and after dismissal, the rights of their family members, protection of their interests before the command of the unit, higher authorities, local authorities . In case of violation of such rights, the social work officer sends information about this in the order of subordination and contributes to the restoration of rights. His duties include explaining to military personnel and members of their families the regulatory framework for resolving conflict situations, assisting in applying to authorities competent to resolve the conflict.

An important role is played by social and pedagogical assistance to the children of military personnel. The system of children's military sports camps, clubs and circles has considerable educational potential, helping to revive in adolescents the idea of ​​the high social status of military service and respect for the work of parents.

One of important functions social work - the development of social communications, the elimination of interpersonal tensions, conflicts, the rallying of military teams (especially in closed military camps, garrisons, cut off from family and society for a long time). For this purpose, conflictological procedures, mediation technologies, group therapy methods in the form of conversations, games, etc., communication training and communication skills training, identification of psychological compatibility or incompatibility of individuals to recruit the most viable or stable teams are used.

The technologies of psychological training, psychotherapy and psychocorrection are most common in working with large groups of people, which, of course, include military personnel. Stimulation of positive psychological reactions and suppression or smoothing of negative reactions are necessary in conditions of constant and forced communication with other people. It is necessary to teach people to soften the negative traits of their character, to practice attractive (attractive) communication, which neutralizes possible aggression from others, to resolve problems at the pre-conflict stage. With the help of auto-training, military personnel can learn how to manage their emotions, self-recover after heavy loads. Carrying out such work is also possible in the form of group therapy, i.e. in the form of self-help and mutual support groups.

Organizers of social work can act as consultants and managers, intermediaries in the contacts of associations and associations of wives of military personnel with social protection authorities, medical institutions and other bodies and institutions.

The development of a special system of family counseling and family therapy is of great importance to alleviate tension in the families of military personnel, to prevent conflicts or crisis situations. In cases of living far from large cities, the presence of such a service will be the only opportunity for families of military personnel to receive professional assistance in stabilizing the family.

Chapter 4PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION

4.1 Prospects for the development of social protection

The social sector reform strategy proposed by the current Russian government includes proposals for the development of individual sectors of the complex social sphere(education, health care, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical care and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creation of economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide more high level social consumption.

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households. In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

The transition to targeted assistance can significantly improve the situation of low-income families. However, for a limited number of recipients such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Heroes Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits are preserved regardless of their financial situation. These benefits are expected to be converted into cash payments and made from the federal budget. Benefits established for various categories of civil servants, law enforcement officers and military personnel should also be converted into cash payments and included in wages.

2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection. In general, it is planned to transfer more powers to determine the amount and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure the targeting of state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary capacity of the territories, living standards, employment characteristics, and local traditions.

The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the level of poverty and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. New system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and model regulations.

3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

Some of these proposals are included in the "Action Plan of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of social policy and modernization of the economy for 2000-2001" approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1072 (July 2000). The main tasks in the field of social support for the population include assistance to households whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level; reduction of budget subsidies to producers of goods and services; reduction of socially unjustified benefits; transfer of benefits and payments in kind, established for certain categories of civil servants, military personnel and law enforcement officers, into the form of wages and monetary allowances; expanding the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in determining the priorities for the provision of social assistance. The needs of the regions in financing social assistance will be taken into account in the formula for interbudget equalization.

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CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
1. The current state of social security in Russia
2. The essence of social protection of the population
3. State policy in the field of social protection
4. Prospects for the development of social protection of the population
CONCLUSION
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The transition period to market relations marks a new stage in
socio-economic development of Russia. At the same time, being progressive,
in fact, he brought to life processes that even in the Western world have become
managed only decades later.
The ongoing transformations that have disrupted the existing more than half a century
economic structure, affected the fundamental interests of the entire population and
demanded the urgent formation of a fundamentally new social policy.
The difficulty lies in the fact that social policy cannot be guided
on short-term objectives, it should determine the strategic directions,
which, of course, can be subject to tactical adjustments, but in
as a whole, it should be integral, reasonable, rational and effective and
be formed taking into account historical conditions and national characteristics,
politics and economic situation, cultural traditions. Social politics
is also conservative and innovative. conservatism
lies in the fact that it preserves, as it were, what has already been achieved in
social sphere and passes it on to those who need social
intervention. Innovativeness is what the policy should adapt
social structures to ongoing changes.
In the conditions of Russia, this means that it should be used as much as possible
existing experience and existing infrastructure, which will serve as the basis for
formation of a new concept of social security.
In the formation of social strategy and policy, it is of particular importance
political aspect of social protection. Any social activities
support and social assistance measures should be planned in such a way as to provide
support the political line, promote the government's course on
implementation of reforms, not to weaken or discredit it. smart steps to
social sphere are called upon to strengthen confidence in the leadership of the country by
population, and they should also help reduce social tension

1. The current state of the social security system in Russia.
The social security system of each country has its own characteristic
features in connection with specific socio-economic conditions. Right
for social security is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and
is a complex of interrelated organizational and legislative
measures.
Basically, in the Russian Federation, social protection of the disabled and
low-income groups of the population is carried out in two main areas -
social security and social assistance.
Social security in Russia includes the following types:
- pensions (for old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for long service
years, social):
- benefits (temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, large families and
single mothers, children in low-income families and urgent military personnel
services, disabled children, etc.);
- the maintenance and service of the elderly and disabled in special institutions
(boarding houses):
vocational training and employment of disabled people:
- prosthetic and orthopedic care
medical and labor examination and rehabilitation of the disabled
- Benefits and benefits for the disabled.
And although the entire social security system has common features, but at the same
time, each type has its own characteristics.
The effectiveness of the social system largely depends on the thoughtfulness
funding mechanism. Social security payments are made from
insurance funds, which concentrate collected in the form of taxes
facilities. And government investments are made at the expense of appropriations from
budget funds (republican and local budgets). As a result, funds for
social security is concentrated primarily in the state
service and the social insurance fund.
The existing system of social services includes the state,
municipal and non-state service. All social services
focused primarily on providing people in need with various types of
social services.
Depending on the orientation of social services, their functions differ
implemented, which have been grouped as follows:
a) the actual function of social assistance, which includes both accounting,
identification of faces to us and the prevention of poverty and home services for those in need, etc.
d.;
b) the function of consulting, including consultations of specialists on various
issues related to social aspects;
c) the function of informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs;
d) a participatory function that provides for the development of emergency programs
and assistance in overcoming the consequences of natural disasters and social
conflicts.
The importance of the following four principles should be noted:
- the principle of priority of state principles in the organization of social services and
guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services:
- the principle of relying on public participation:
- the principle of territoriality:
- the principle of awareness: meaning the right to collect information and
information necessary for social services to perform their functions.
It should also be noted that for the successful functioning of the system of social
ensuring the role of the social service management system. Currently
social service management is carried out by social protection authorities
of the population together with the health authorities, public education,
culture, physical culture and sports, law enforcement agencies,
state services for youth and employment and other bodies
management, as well as with public, religious, charitable
organizations and foundations. In perspective
great help in coordinating social service activities
of the population can be carried out by the local administration, consisting of deputies,
representatives of interested organizations, financial and sponsorship circles.
2. The essence of social protection of the population
The system of social protection of the population as a special social institution is located
in the course of its development. The term "social protection" has various
values. In the new economic conditions, he replaced the term "social
provision”, used in the Soviet economy, where he characterized
specific organizational and legal form of social protection, carried out
directly by the state.
In modern conditions, it was necessary to develop other organizational and legal
forms of social support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. Was introduced
the term "social protection", which has long been used in world practice.
Social protection as a social institution, which is a combination
legal regulations designed to solve certain social and economic
problems, in an international context usually deals with established
legislation by categories of citizens who, due to the loss
ability to work, lack of work or for other reasons do not have
sufficient funds to meet their vital needs and
needs of disabled family members. Within social protection systems
to such citizens upon the occurrence of
adverse events, compensatory assistance is provided in
monetary and in-kind forms, as well as in the form of various kinds of services. Except
In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures
nature, aimed at preventing adverse events. Social
protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including
such as individual employer liability, insurance,
social insurance, targeted social assistance,
state social security, etc. The use of certain
organizational and legal forms of social protection may have different
social and economic impacts to consider when
management of this industry.
At the same time, social protection, being in its functional nature
a fairly complete system, which is an independent
social institution, has specific features associated with
technologies for its services. Technology of providing pensions
differs significantly from the technology of medical care, social
rehabilitation technologies or technologies for providing unemployed citizens.
To understand the state of development of the institution of social protection in Russia and
elaboration of a national policy regarding the ways of its further development in
our country, it seems necessary first of all to note that, although
such an institution exists in Russia and plays an extremely important role in the life of
Russian citizens, its development is carried out to a certain extent
spontaneously, without a proper idea of ​​what tasks and how he
must decide what its organizational structure should be, in terms of
view of both the organization of the system of legal norms and the administrative
structure of this institute, designed to develop and implement on
practice the legal norms of this institution.
In addition, it should be noted that, despite the actual existence
system of social protection in Russia and its rather rapid development, it is still
not accepted by the public consciousness in our country as an independent
social institution. In this regard, the scope of its activities is significantly
narrows. In practice, in the functions of public authorities having in
its name the words "social protection", such as the former Ministry
social protection of the population of the Russian Federation or ministries, committees
or departments of social protection of subjects of the Russian Federation, are not included
many functions that, by definition, should fall within their remit.
In the Program of social
reforms for 1997 - 2000 The concept of "social protection" is limited to
issues of social services for the population, social protection of the disabled,
social benefits, compensation payments, scholarships, as well as to
social support for citizens discharged from military service into the reserve or
resignation.
The lack of a general idea of ​​the nature of the institution of social protection and its
content naturally leads to confusion and free interpretation of various
categories, terms and concepts that serve to reveal the meaning of this
institute,
In the Soviet period, due to the weak theoretical study of social
protection as a social institution, the term "social security"
was used in a broad sense to define the totality of social
economic relations in the country concerning issues of social protection, and in
In this sense, he defined the entire institution of social protection, called
"social security law". At the same time, the term "social
provision” in the narrow sense was used to define the system of relations in
areas of social protection related to the provision of certain types of
provision at the expense of the state budget.
In a country that has embarked on the path of developing a market economy, the term "social
provision”, reflecting the specifics of the organization of social protection in
centrally planned economic system, cannot be used for
definition of the entire set of socio-economic relations in the sphere
social protection, nor its administrative structures with new functions.
Therefore, the term "social security" has been largely superseded
from the practical sphere with the new term "social protection".
The term "social protection" is most consistent with the essence
given social institution, although the term "social security"
continues to exist as a "social security right".
Social protection is also provided for families with low
per capita income that does not provide the socially necessary subsistence
minimum, which usually results in a lack of means of subsistence
or funds to pay for essential goods and services (funds
rehabilitation, payment for housing, treatment).
Social protection can be provided in cash in the form of pensions and
benefits, in kind, as well as through the provision of various types of services
persons who are the object of social protection. She may have like
compensatory and preventive character.
One of the state-legal forms of social protection is directly
state provision of disabled persons. Main features
direct state support - financing of expenses for
account of the state budget and the establishment of categories of persons provided for and
the level of their provision in accordance with the priorities determined by the authorities
state power.
Direct state provision in countries with market economies
has a rather limited scope.
Another organizational and legal form of social protection is social
insurance, which is widely used in the vast majority of countries with
market economy in relation to many types of social protection. At its core
lies the concept of social risks and the requirement of their mandatory and voluntary
insurance.
Funding for social insurance payments is carried out at the expense of
insurance premiums of working citizens and their employers, paid as
usually in equal proportions. In the financing of social insurance systems
sometimes the state is also involved.
In countries with market economies, such a method is also actively used.
organizational and legal form of social protection, as social assistance.
It is targeted and is provided to individuals after checking their
need, if they have no other sources of livelihood.
Other organizational and legal forms of social protection can be
provided funds - mandatory (compulsory) accumulation of funds for
the occurrence of certain circumstances. These funds exist in separate
countries (Asia and Africa, which were colonies) and are nationwide
organizations
intended for the implementation of mandatory savings by all working
citizens. Foundations aim to ensure individual responsibility
everyone working for their welfare in the future. They represent
savings bank institutions. These contributions can be used
in case of temporary incapacity for work, subject to termination of work, in case of
unemployment.
A characteristic feature of private forms of social protection is that they
are not necessarily created by virtue of the adoption of the relevant
legislation, and due to the private initiative of individual subjects of relations in
this environment, which assume obligations to implement
social protection of a limited circle of persons representing for them
a certain interest. Private forms can be used in such types
social protection, as provision of temporary disability, medical
assistance, pensions and others.
Thus, social protection in any state is a complex
a system of socio-economic relations designed to provide
comprehensive assistance to disabled or partially able-bodied persons, and
also to families whose incomes of able-bodied members are not provided socially
necessary standard of living for the family.
Effective social protection involves policies that are adequate
responding to the social well-being of people, capable of capturing the growth
social discontent and social tension, prevent possible
conflicts and radical forms of protest.
3. State policy in the field of social protection
The social policy pursued in modern Russia is based on the principle
when the state, recognizing the climate of market relations, only complements and
corrects the market mechanisms for the redistribution of GDP, while focusing on
to guaranteed satisfaction of only the minimum basic needs and
provision of social assistance to the most vulnerable categories of the population.
However, the tradition of active participation of the state in the management of economic and
social processes continues to influence the formation of the system
social protection, which also includes private initiative, the creation
charitable foundations, development of insurance companies.
Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation in 1995
approved a list of categories of the population that need social
service. They are the main objects of social policy and
social work.
These include:
citizens (adults and children) who are disabled;
participants of the Great Patriotic War and persons equated to them,
home front workers during the Great Patriotic War;
single elderly people and families consisting of only pensioners (by age,
disability and other reasons);
widows and mothers of servicemen who died in the Great Patriotic War and
in peacetime;
former underage prisoners of fascism;
persons subjected to political repression and subsequently rehabilitated;
registered refugees, internally displaced persons;
persons exposed to radiation as a result of an accident at
Chernobyl nuclear power plant, nuclear emissions, nuclear tests;
persons returning from places of deprivation of liberty, special
educational institution;
persons without a fixed place of residence;
families with alcohol abusers,
drugs;
families with disabled children under 16;
families with orphans and children left without
parental care;
low income families;
large families; incomplete families;
families of minor parents;
young, including student families;
mothers on parental leave;
pregnant women and nursing mothers;
independent graduates of orphanages and boarding schools
(before achieving material independence and social maturity);
children orphaned or left without parental care;
neglected children and teenagers;
children and adolescents with deviant behavior;
children experiencing abuse and domestic violence who find themselves in
etc.................

The strategy for reforming the social sector proposed by the current Russian government, The main directions of the socio-economic policy of the Government of the Russian Federation for the long term. Approved at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on June 28, 2000; Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2010 // Kommersant. 2000. No. 83. May 12 includes proposals for the development of individual sectors of the social sphere complex (education, health care, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical care and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creation of economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide a higher level of social consumption at the expense of their own income.

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households. In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

To this end, governments at the regional and local levels will have to make greater use of procedures for mandatory testing of the needs of recipients of social assistance. It also provides for the establishment of restrictions on the total number of types of social assistance and benefits that can be provided simultaneously to the same family.

The transition to targeted assistance can significantly improve the situation of low-income families. However, for a limited number of recipients, such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits remain regardless of their financial situation. These benefits are expected to be converted into cash payments and made from the federal budget. Benefits established for various categories of civil servants, law enforcement officers and military personnel should also be converted into cash payments and included in wages.

• 2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection.
• 3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

Social protection is a state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of his gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.

Many categories of the population have appeared in need of varying degrees of social protection, and therefore in this moment the purpose of the social protection system is to provide support through effective means to groups of the population and individuals who need it.

The state plays an important role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the basics of social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, ensuring foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population.

The Russian Federation annually adopts and implements state programs aimed at creating conditions for the growth of the welfare of citizens - recipients of social support measures, at protecting the rights of citizens in the field of social security.

Programs such as Government program Russian Federation "Social support of citizens". Stages and deadlines for the implementation of this program January 1, 2013 - December 31, 2020. The goals of the program were to create conditions for the growth of the welfare of citizens - recipients of social support measures; increasing the availability of social services to the population. The objectives of the program: fulfillment of the obligations of the state for social support of citizens; ensuring the needs of older citizens, people with disabilities, including children with disabilities, families and children in social services; creation of favorable conditions for the life of the family, the functioning of the institution of the family, the birth of children; increasing the role of the sector of non-governmental non-profit organizations in the provision of social services.

On the this stage in the Russian Federation, the state program "Accessible Environment" for 2011-2020 is being implemented. The goals of this program are: by 2018, to create conditions for unhindered access to priority facilities and services in priority areas of life for people with disabilities and other people with limited mobility; improving the mechanism for providing services in the field of rehabilitation and state system medical and social expertise.

Program objectives:

Assessment of the availability of priority facilities and services in priority areas of life for people with disabilities and other people with limited mobility;

Increasing the level of accessibility of priority facilities and services in priority areas of life for people with disabilities and other people with limited mobility;

Elimination of social disunity of disabled people and citizens who are not disabled;

Modernization of the state system of medical and social expertise;

Ensuring equal access of disabled people to rehabilitation services.

CONCLUSION

In the process of writing this work, the provisions of the Federal Law "On State Social Assistance" of July 17, 1999 N 178-FZ were studied. The sources of social law for this study were also: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal law“On insurance pensions” dated December 28, 2013 N 400-FZ, Federal Law dated December 28, 2017 No. 418-FZ “On monthly payments”, Federal law “On additional measures state support families with children” dated December 29, 2006 N 256-FZ ( latest edition) to their families with children”, Federal Law “On State Benefits to Citizens with Children” of May 19, 1995 N 81-FZ, as well as official sources judicial practice.

In the implementation of this goal, the following main tasks were revealed:

· formulated the concept of social security;

· studied the main stages of development;

· the main functions are revealed;

· the problems of protecting the rights of citizens to social security are considered;

· Prospects for the development of the protection of citizens' rights to social security have been studied.

Summing up the work, we can say that social security is currently understood as a form of expression of the social policy of the state, aimed at state provision of certain categories of citizens from the state budget and special off-budget state funds in the event of events recognized by the state at this stage of its development socially. significant, in order to equalize social position these citizens compared to others. The essence of social security is most clearly manifested in its functions: economic, political, demographic, rehabilitation and others.

The complex of social security relations is not homogeneous. In it, one can single out material relations for the distribution of state extra-budgetary funds for social purposes and the redistribution of part of the state budget.

These include: relations for material security in old age, in the event of disability, in the event of loss of a breadwinner, in case of temporary disability, in case of unemployment; - relations for material support of motherhood and childhood, assistance to the family in the maintenance and upbringing of children; - relations for the provision of financial assistance to poor people; - relations for the provision of free medical care and treatment within the framework of basic federal and municipal programs of compulsory medical insurance; relations on free social services for the disabled, the elderly and other segments of the population within the established state lists, etc.

Considering the structure of social security, we can distinguish the following types of it:

state pensions (labor and social);

allowances;

social services;

· social payments and allowances.

These types of social security are financed from the state budget (budget appropriations) and from state off-budget funds, namely: pension fund Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund, the State Employment Fund, the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund. All types of social security are aimed at providing assistance to the population in case of limitation or loss of ability to work, in case of termination labor activity, in situations requiring external assistance, as well as the provision of services that mitigate disproportions in the living conditions of the population.

The social security law system is a set of objectively interrelated legal institutions and norms arranged in a certain structured sequence in accordance with the specifics of regulated social relations.

The system is currently developing, it is necessary to refine existing and develop new regulations and laws, both at the federal and regional levels.

The strategy for reforming the social sector proposed by the current Russian government, The main directions of the socio-economic policy of the Government of the Russian Federation for the long term. Approved at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on June 28, 2000; Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2010 // Kommersant. 2000. No. 83. May 12 includes proposals for the development of individual sectors of the social sphere complex (education, health care, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical care and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creation of economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide a higher level of social consumption at the expense of their own income.

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households. In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

To this end, governments at the regional and local levels will have to make greater use of procedures for mandatory testing of the needs of recipients of social assistance. It also provides for the establishment of restrictions on the total number of types of social assistance and benefits that can be provided simultaneously to the same family.

The transition to targeted assistance can significantly improve the situation of low-income families. However, for a limited number of recipients, such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits remain regardless of their financial situation. These benefits are expected to be converted into cash payments and made from the federal budget. Benefits established for various categories of civil servants, law enforcement officers and military personnel should also be converted into cash payments and included in wages.

2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection. In general, it is planned to transfer more powers to determine the amount and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure the targeting of state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary capacity of the territories, living standards, employment characteristics, and local traditions.

The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the level of poverty and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. The new system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and model regulations.

3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

Some of these proposals are included in the "Action Plan of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of social policy and modernization of the economy for 2000-2001" approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1072 (July 2000). The main tasks in the field of social support for the population include assistance to households whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level; reduction of budget subsidies to producers of goods and services; reduction of socially unjustified benefits; transfer of benefits and payments in kind, established for certain categories of civil servants, military personnel and law enforcement officers, into the form of wages and monetary allowances; expanding the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in determining the priorities for the provision of social assistance. The needs of the regions in financing social assistance will be taken into account in the formula for interbudget equalization.

Only the so-called "socially unjustified benefits" are being reduced, part of the assistance will continue to be provided without regard to need. However, this is a definite step in the field practical implementation strategies.