entranceSocial inequality. main approaches. historical and modern forms. Social structures according to different stratification criteria Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individual parts
An important characteristic of each of the statuses is the range and freedom of other statuses. In any society, there is a certain hierarchy of statuses, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. Prestige is an assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion.
This hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:
The real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;
The system of values characteristic of a given society. If the prestige of some statuses is unreasonably high or, conversely, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of status balance. A society that tends to lose this balance cannot function normally.
There are statuses assigned (born) and achieved (acquired). A person receives the assigned status automatically - by ethnic origin, place of birth, family status - regardless of personal efforts (daughter, Buryat, Volzhanka, aristocrat). The achieved status - writer, student, spouse, officer, laureate, director, deputy - is acquired by the efforts of the person himself with the help of various social groups - families, brigades, parties.
Assigned status does not coincide with innate. Only three social statuses are considered natural: sex, nationality, race. The Negro is a born status that characterizes the race. A man is an innate status that characterizes gender. Russian is an innate status that determines nationality. Race, gender and nationality are given biologically, a person inherits them against his will and consciousness.
IN Lately scientists began to question whether birth status even existed if sex and skin color could be changed through surgery. The concepts of biological sex and socially acquired have appeared.
When parents are persons of different nationalities, it is difficult to determine what nationality the children should be. Often they themselves decide what to write in the passport.
Age is a biologically determined trait, but it is not an innate status, since during a person’s life a person moves from one age to another and from a specific age category people expect quite certain behavior: from the young, for example, they expect respect for the elders, from adults - care for children and the elderly.
The kinship system has a whole set of assigned statuses. Only some of them are natural. These include the statuses: “son”, “daughter”, “sister”, “nephew”, “grandmother” and some others expressing consanguinity. There are also non-blood relatives, the so-called legal relatives, who become as a result of marriage, adoption, etc.
Achieved status. Significantly different from the assigned status. If the assigned status is not under the control of the individual, then the status achieved is under control. Any status that is not automatically given to a person by the very fact of birth is considered to be achieved.
A person acquires the profession of a driver or engineer through his own efforts, training and free choice. He also acquires the status of world champion, doctor of science or rock star thanks to his own efforts, great work.
Achieved status requires making an independent decision and independent action. The status of a husband is achievable: in order to get it, a man makes a decision, makes a formal proposal to his bride, and performs a host of other actions.
Achievable status refers to the positions that people occupy due to their efforts or merit. "Postgraduate student" - the status that university graduates achieve by competing with others and showing outstanding academic success.
The more dynamic a society is, the more cells in its social structure are designed for achieved statuses. The more statuses achieved in a society, the more democratic it is.
Statuses can also be formalized or non-formalized, depending on whether one or another function is performed within the framework of formalized or non-formalized social institutions and more widely - social interactions (for example, the status of a plant director and a leader of a company of close comrades).
Social status is the relative position of an individual or group in social system. The concept of social status characterizes the place of the individual in the system public relations, its activities in the main areas of life and the assessment of the individual's activities by society, expressed in certain quantitative and qualitative indicators (salary, bonuses, awards, titles, privileges), as well as self-esteem.
Social status in the sense of a norm and a social ideal has great potential for solving the problems of socialization of the individual, since the orientation towards achieving a higher social status stimulates social activity.
If a person's own social status is misunderstood, then he is guided by other people's patterns of behavior. There are two extremes in a person's assessment of his social status. Low status self-esteem is associated with weak resilience external influence. Such people are not self-confident, more often subject to pessimistic moods. High self-esteem is more often associated with activity, enterprise, self-confidence, life optimism. Based on this, it makes sense to introduce the concept of status self-assessment as an essential personality trait that cannot be reduced to individual functions and actions of a person.
Personal status - the position that a person occupies in a small (or primary) group, depending on how he is assessed by his individual qualities.
Social status plays a dominant role among strangers, and personal status among familiar people. Acquaintances make up the primary, small group. Introducing ourselves to strangers, especially employees of any organization, institution, enterprise, we usually name the place of work, social status and age. For familiar people, these characteristics are not important, but our personal qualities, that is, informal authority.
Each of us has a set of social and personal statuses, because we are involved in many large and small groups. The latter include family, circle of relatives and friends, school class, student group, interest club, etc. In them, a person can have a high, medium or low status, that is, be a leader, an independent, an outsider. Social and personal status may or may not coincide.
mixed status. Sometimes it is very difficult to determine what type this or that status belongs to. For example, being unemployed is not a position that most people aspire to. On the contrary, they avoid it. Most often, a person finds himself unemployed against his will and desire. The reason is factors beyond his control: the economic crisis, mass layoffs, the ruin of the company, etc. Such processes are not under the control of an individual. It is in his power to make efforts to find work or not to do so, resigned to the situation.
Political upheavals, coups d'etat, social revolutions, wars can change (or even cancel) some statuses of huge masses of people against their will and desire. After the October Revolution of 1917, the former nobles turned into emigrants, remained or became officials, engineers, workers, teachers, having lost the attributed status of a nobleman, which had disappeared from the social structure.
Dramatic changes can also occur at the individual level. If a person becomes disabled at the age of 30, his socio-economic situation has changed significantly: if earlier he earned his own bread, now he is completely dependent on state assistance. It is difficult to call it an attainable status, since no one wants to become disabled of their own free will. It could be considered as ascribed, but a 30-year-old cripple is not born disabled.
The title of academician is at first an attainable status, but later it turns into an ascribed one, as it is considered lifelong, although not hereditary. The cases described above can be attributed to mixed statuses. A person who has received a doctorate in science cannot pass it on to his son, but he can enjoy certain advantages if he decides to advance along the scientific path. If socio-demographic restrictions are imposed on the occupation of a particular position, then it thereby ceases to act as a person. There are also formal and informal statuses, basic and episodic, independent and dependent statuses.
Test on the topic " Social sphere»
Option 1.
A 1. The assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion, is called
1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction
A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as
1) social adaptation 3) social determinants
2) social lift 4) social control
A 3. After graduation, K. got a job as a manager in a small private company. After some time, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest in the South of Russia holding company. This situation can be seen as an example
1) horizontal social mobility 2) vertical social mobility
3) social stratification 4) professional differentiation
A 4. Relations between people (or groups of people), which are carried out in accordance with the laws of the social organization of society, are called
1) social relations 2) social structures
3) social integration 4) social differentiation
A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called
1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization
A 6. A democratic (partner) family, in contrast to a patriarchal (traditional) family, is characterized by
1) cohabitation of at least three generations
2) a fair division of household duties
3) the economic dependence of women on men
4) the dominant role of men in the family
A 7. The functions of the family are
1) education of law-abiding behavior in children
2) sizing utility bills
3) setting standards for school education
4) definition minimum size wages
A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:
1) power and actions 2) norms and sanctions
3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles
A 9. There are rules for ending telephone conversation:
The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.
If the boss called his subordinate, then the latter is waiting for the boss to hang up. To what type social norms can they be attributed?
1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions
A 10. Social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called
1) social mobility 3) social inequality
2) social status 4) social relations
A 11. Which statement is correct?
A. R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.
B. An example of horizontal social mobility is the receipt of workers leadership position at the enterprise in connection with the graduation from the university.
A 12. Which judgment is correct?
A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of society, or social group, is called deviant.
B. Any manifestation of deviant behavior is a crime.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
IN 1. Analyze the data given in the social survey table reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
Age
To be the very best
Respect for others
Financial independence, independence
Career
Family Children
14~18 years old
24%
25%
26%
18%
18-25 years old
11%
19%
45%
28%
25-30 years old
10%
44%
32%
11%
1) young people in all age groups singled out economic, independence, independence from others as the main criterion for success
2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family to be the most important thing in life
3) to be the best - a criterion characteristic of young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their characteristic teenage maximalism.
4) the number of people who believe that career growth is the most important thing in life decreases with age
B 2. Read the text below, with each position marked with a letter.
A. Development of interethnic relations in modern world associated with two trends - interethnic integration and national differentiation. B. In our opinion, they act constantly, but not without conflict. C. The aggravation of the national question is connected with the contradictions between the growing scientific and technological revolution, which requires maximum cooperation, the international division of labor, and the national identity of states and peoples. D. Contradictions arise between the nation-states themselves due to the presence of specific interests: the use of natural resources, transport communications. E. The reasons for the escalation of conflicts are political, economic, and demographic.
Determine what positions are
1) factual nature 2) nature of value judgments
Write under the letter of the position a number indicating its nature.
B 3. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.
Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social ***(A). Specific group or individual ***(B) are recognized as members of society and in public opinion a certain significance is attributed to them. Social inequality in modern society is most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of "middle class" describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the availability of property valued in society *** (D), civil rights. Social inequality is determined primarily by the significance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of social *** (E)
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose the words sequentially one by one, filling in each gap. Note that there are more words on the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
1) status 2) group 3) criterion
4) stratification 5) profession 6) prestige
Part 3 (level C tasks)
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social mobility"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the factors affecting social mobility
Additional task for the profile level:
2. To speak at the seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic Relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.
3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia
External migration processes in Russia are characterized by qualitative features in relation to the emigrating contingent. Recall that over the past 15 years the country has lost at least 100 thousand people annually. Russia is leaving the most educated, professionally trained people, for whose training huge capital has been spent. "Brain drain" is an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic and political situation of the country. First of all, scientists, doctors, technical and creative intelligentsia, highly skilled workers are leaving Russia. Our citizens, leaving the country, significantly contribute to the growth of the scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Germany, Israel, the USA and a number of other countries.
"Brain drain" has a pronounced perspective character. According to the results of surveys of graduates of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow Aviation Institute, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific proposals for working abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the USA - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is equivalent to the loss of 300 thousand dollars a year for Russia. The damage caused by the departure of one specialist with a Ph.D. degree in some cases reaches $2 million. high level training will annually incur losses in the amount of 30-35 billion dollars.
The paradoxical nature of the qualitative side of the immigration-emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low-skilled personnel from part of the excess labor potential of neighboring and even distant countries. There is no exact definition of the number of immigrants to Russia, according to many experts, there are at least 1 million illegal immigrants. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has the most significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, immigrants from Southeast Asian countries (mainly from China) are concentrated in the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions of the Far East, the increase in the proportion of Chinese among the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.
Illegal immigrants occupy the most unprestigious jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without formalizing their labor relations with the employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers become less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; favorable conditions are created for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.
Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open the doors wide for immigrants. It is already extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But just changing the laws is not enough. Different attitudes towards nation and citizenship are urgently needed, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. At the same time, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today, in reality, to take care of their well-being and health.
P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"
C1. What is a "brain drain"? Why does the author consider it an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic situation in the country?
C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.
SZ. What is the qualitative characteristic of illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)
Answers to tasks:
Option 1.
Part A
Part B.
AT 11
IN 2.
IN 3.
Part 3 (C).
C 1. Social mobility is a change in the place occupied by a person or a group of people in the social structure.
Suggestions reflecting factors: subjective - a person's awareness of his social origin, state policy.
Test "Man and Society" Profile
Option number 1
1. Definition: “The totality of ideas, views, theories, as well as feelings, habits and mores of a certain social community or group” refers to the concept
A) public consciousness B) society
C) ordinary consciousness D) ideology
2. Ivan - tall, thin, with beautiful features, courageous, prudent, slow and cautious. All this characterizes Ivan as
A) personality B) citizen C) personality D) professional
3. Automation of production is widespread in R.'s society, and computerization is being successfully carried out. What additional information will allow us to conclude that R.'s society is post-industrial?
A) the main product of production - industrial products
B) the main factor of production - knowledge
C) widespread use of mechanisms, technologies
D) class division of society
4. What sign characterizes a traditional society?
A) intensive urbanization B) the predominance of assigned social status
C) high social mobility D) growth in consumption
5. Meaningful drivers of human activity include
A) habits B) drives C) motives D) emotions
6. Are the following judgments about the similarities and differences between humans and animals correct?
A. Ants and other "social" animals work just like humans.
B. All animal individuals, unlike humans, always act according to the genetic program.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
7. The basis of human existence is
A) friendship B) love C) consumerism D) activity
8. Write down the missing word in the diagram.
Types ……………………….
traditional
industrial
post-industrial
9. Which characteristic is not suitable for a traditional society:
A) low level of social mobility
B) the dominance of religion, customs and traditions
C) the agrarian nature of the economy
D) globalization of life
10. A person's need for anything is:
A) abilities B) activities C) needs D) interest E) values
11. A characteristic feature of a post-industrial society is:
A) extension industrial production
B) slowdown in development
C) the creation of mass culture
D) use of computer technology
12. The emergence of transnational corporations in modern society, development international trade serve as a manifestation of the trend:
A) modernization B) globalization C) democratization D) informatization
13. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by:
A) the formation market economy
B) limited social mobility
C) the development of mass media
D) the organization of factory production
14. Are the following judgments about the process of globalization correct?
A) development mass communications makes the modern world more coherent
B) all global problems are a consequence of economic integration
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
15. Social progress is expressed in:
A) progressive development of society B) links between society and nature
C) the stability of forms of social life D) the systemic structure of society
16. In the transition from a traditional society to an industrial one:
A) increased dominance Agriculture over industry
B) the importance of science and education has increased
B) increased class differences
D) the importance of collectivist values has increased as opposed to the values of individual freedom
17. Which of the following characterizes modern Western society?
A) an agrarian type of society
B) underdevelopment of private property institutions
C) the special value of human individuality
D) the predominance of collective forms of consciousness
18. At the heart of the civilizational approach to the study of society:
A) highlighting the general B) highlighting the special
C) the development of the mind D) the development of morality.
19. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the industrial society. Find two terms that fall out of the general row, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Mass culture, 2. Technology, 3. Community, 4. Private property, 5 . castes , 6. Law, 7. Classes, 8. Ecological crisis, 9. Human rights and freedoms.
KEY to the Test "Man and Society" Grade 10. Profile
Option number 1
1- A 2- C 3- B 4- B 5- C 6- 2 7- D 8- Companies 9- D 10- C
11- D 12- B 13- C 14- 1 15- A 16- B 17- C 18- B 19- 3.5
Test on the topic "Social sphere"
Teacher: Taran Elena Alexandrovna
MOU secondary school No. 1, Gryazovets, Vologda region
Position: teacher of history, social studies
Note: You can use the test both in the base level class and in the profile level.
Option 1.
A 1. The assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion, is called
1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction
A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as
1) social adaptation 3) social determinants
2) social lift 4) social control
A 3. After graduation, K. got a job as a manager in a small private company. After some time, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest holding company in the South of Russia. This situation can be seen as an example
1) horizontal social mobility2) vertical social mobility
3) social stratification4) professional differentiation
A 4. Relations between people (or groups of people) that are carried out in accordance with laws social organization societies are called
1) social relations2) social structures
3) social integration4) social differentiation
A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called
1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization
A 6. A democratic (partner) family, in contrast to a patriarchal (traditional) family, is characterized by
1) cohabitation of at least three generations
2) a fair division of household duties
3) the economic dependence of women on men
4) the dominant role of men in the family
A 7. The functions of the family are
1) education of law-abiding behavior in children
2) determination of the amount of utility bills
3) setting standards for school education
4) determination of the minimum wage
A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:
1) power and actions 2) norms and sanctions
3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles
A 9. There are rules for ending a telephone conversation:
The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.
If the boss called his subordinate, then the latter is waiting for the boss to hang up. What type of social norms can they be attributed to?
1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions
A 10. Social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called
1) social mobility 3) social inequality
2) social status 4) social relations
A. R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.
B. An example of horizontal social mobility is when a worker receives a managerial position at an enterprise in connection with graduation from a university.
A 12. Which judgment is correct?
A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of society or a social group is called deviant.
B. Any manifestation of deviant behavior is a crime.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
IN 1. Analyze the data given in the social survey table reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
1) young people in all age groups singled out economic, independence, independence from others as the main criterion for success
2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family to be the most important thing in life
3) to be the best - a criterion characteristic of young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their characteristic teenage maximalism.
4) the number of people who believe that career growth is the most important thing in life decreases with age
A. The development of interethnic relations in the modern world is associated with two trends - interethnic integration and national differentiation. B. In our opinion, they act constantly, but not without conflict. C. The aggravation of the national question is connected with the contradictions between the growing scientific and technological revolution, which requires maximum cooperation, the international division of labor, and the national identity of states and peoples. D. Contradictions arise between the nation-states themselves due to the presence of specific interests: the use of natural resources, transport communications. E. The reasons for the escalation of conflicts are political, economic, and demographic.
Determine what positions are
Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social ***(A). Specific group or individual ***(B) are recognized as members of society and in public opinion a certain significance is attributed to them. Social inequality in modern society is most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of "middle class" describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the availability of property valued in society *** (D), civil rights. Social inequality is determined primarily by the significance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of social *** (E)
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose the words sequentially one by one, filling in each gap. Note that there are more words on the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
1) status 2) group 3) criterion
4) stratification 5) profession 6) prestige
Part 3 (level C tasks)
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social mobility"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the factors affecting social mobility
Option 2.
A 1. The profession of a programmer today is especially in demand. Its degree of prestige is determined
1) higher educational institutions2) enterprise administration
3) society 4) laws
A 2. What social lift was limited by the Circular on Cook's Children, adopted in Russia in 1886?
1) army 2) church 3) school 4) marriage
A 3. An example of horizontal social mobility is
1) obtaining the next officer rank
2) transfer to a new, better paid position
3) retirement
4) moving to another city
A 4. The clash of opposing goals, opinions and views of the subjects of interaction is
1) social control 3) social integration
2) social adaptation 4) social conflict
A 5. Indicate a sign that is characteristic of all types of social norms.
1) consolidation in the relevant regulations, laws
2) transmission from generation to generation in the form of unwritten norms and rules
3) acting as a regulator of people's behavior
4) security with the power of state coercion
A 6. What sign must be indicated in order to confirm that the Vasiliev family is extended?
1) Vasiliev N. and M. have been living in a registered marriage for more than 15 years
2) N. and M. Vasilievs have two minor children
3) The Vasilyev family consists of the Vasilyev spouses, their children, as well as the parents of wife N.
4) The Vasilievs have their own business
A 7. Based on marriage or consanguinity small group, whose members are connected by a common life and mutual responsibility, is ...
1) clan 2) family 3) estate 4) elite
A 8. The activity of a society to prescribe and encourage the proper behavior of its members and the application of sanctions to violators of accepted norms is called
1) social control
2) social differentiation
3) social stratification
4) social progress
A 9. “While greeting a woman or a senior in position, a man should stand up. A woman in a business setting also greets an incoming employee by standing up if he is higher in position. What type of social norm does this norm belong to?
1) custom 2) rule of law 3) tradition 4) etiquette
A 10. Trends in the development of nations and interethnic relations are
1) centralization and decentralization2) bureaucratization and democratization
3) integration and differentiation4) collectivization and individualization
A 11. Which statement is correct?
A. A radical change or loss of a profession by a person always entails changes in his social status.
B. As a result of changes in social status, social roles person.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
A 12. Are the following statements about deviant behavior correct?
A. Deviant behavior can be beneficial to society.
B. A manifestation of positive deviant behavior in society is scientific and inventive activity.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
Q 1. Analyze data from a social survey on the topic "How often do you trust people?". What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
18-24 |
25-34 |
15-44 |
45-59 |
1) the older people are, the less they trust others
2) most people don't trust each other
3) the most distrustful are people whose generation graduated from school in the late 70s - the first half of the 80s of the twentieth century
4) young people from 18 to 24 years old are characterized by an absolute lack of trust in people
B 2. Read the text below, with each position marked with a letter.
A. In our opinion, deviant behavior is very different from the requirements of social norms. B. It entails the application of sanctions - from the desire to improve to the punishment and isolation of the offender from society. C. Evaluation of human behavior as "deviant" is extremely dependent on the era, the norms and values that have developed in society: what is deviant today may become the norm tomorrow. D. In sociology, there are several reasons for deviant behavior: biological (congenital predisposition of some people to alcoholism, drug addiction, crime); psychological (associated with mental deviations of the personality); social (the impossibility of positive self-realization of the individual).
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) factual nature 2) nature of value judgments
Write under the letter of the position a number indicating its nature.
" IN |
B 3. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.
The aggravation of national relations results in *** (A). This is a form of conflict in which groups with opposing interests differ in *** (B) features. Their most common causes are violation of *** (C) representatives of a particular nation, violation of justice and *** (D) in interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts can only be resolved by means of ***(D) - a system of measures implemented by the state aimed at taking into account, combining and realizing national interests, at resolving contradictions in the sphere of national relations. Its strategy in the Russian Federation was developed and substantiated in the Concept of National Policy and State program national revival and interethnic cooperation of the peoples of Russia. strategic goal is to strengthen the unity and cohesion of all peoples on the basis of national revival and interethnic cooperation, the strengthening of *** (E) and ties, the formation of a state-political and interethnic community ~~ Russians.
Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Keep in mind that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap.
1) unitary state 2) ethnic conflicts.
3) human rights 4) national policy
5) ethnic 6) federal relations
7) state 8) administrative-command methods
9) tolerance
Part 3 (level C tasks)
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "youth"? Make two sentences that reveal the essence of the problems of modern youth.
Additional task for the profile level:
2. To speak at the seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic Relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.
3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia
External migration processes in Russia are characterized by qualitative features in relation to the emigrating contingent. Recall that over the past 15 years the country has lost at least 100 thousand people annually. Russia is leaving the most educated, professionally trained people, for whose training huge capital has been spent. "Brain drain" is an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic and political situation of the country. First of all, scientists, doctors, technical and creative intelligentsia, highly skilled workers are leaving Russia. Our citizens, leaving the country, significantly contribute to the growth of the scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Germany, Israel, the USA and a number of other countries.
"Brain drain" has a pronounced perspective character. According to the results of surveys of graduates of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow Aviation Institute, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific proposals for working abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the USA - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is equivalent to the loss of 300 thousand dollars a year for Russia. The damage caused by the departure of one specialist with a Ph.D. degree in some cases reaches $2 million. According to the most conservative estimates of experts on population migration, in the coming years Russia will suffer losses in the amount of $30-35 billion annually due to the departure of specialists with a high level of training.
The paradoxical nature of the qualitative side of the immigration-emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low-skilled personnel from part of the excess labor potential neighboring and even distant countries. There is no exact definition of the number of immigrants to Russia, according to many experts, illegal immigrants are at least 1 million people. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has the most significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, immigrants from Southeast Asian countries (mainly from China) are concentrated in the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions of the Far East, the increase in the proportion of Chinese among the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.
Illegal immigrants occupy the most unprestigious jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without formalizing their labor relations with an employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers become less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; favorable conditions are created for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.
Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open the doors wide for immigrants. It is already extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But just changing the laws is not enough. Different attitudes towards nation and citizenship are urgently needed, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. At the same time, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today, in reality, to take care of their well-being and health.
P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"
C1. What is a "brain drain"? Why does the author consider it an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic situation in the country?
C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.
SZ. What is the qualitative characteristic of illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)
Inequality characterizes the uneven distribution of society's scarce resources - money, power, education and prestige - between different strata or strata of the population. On the scale of inequality, the rich will be at the top and the poor at the bottom.
If wealth is a sign of the upper class, then income - the flow of cash receipts for a certain calendar period, say, a month or a year - characterizes all sections of society. Income is any amount of money received in the form of wages, pensions, rents, allowances, alimony, royalties, etc. Even the alms of the poor, obtained by begging and expressed in terms of money, is a kind of income.
On this basis, the following population groups can be distinguished: (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1 - Units of measurement of economic inequality by population groups
From Figure 1.1 it follows that the population is divided into 4 groups:
1. Rich
2. Middle class
The fact is that along with a broad understanding of income, there is a narrow one. In a statistical sense, income is the amount of money that people earn due to belonging to a certain profession (type of occupation) or due to the legal disposal of property. However, beggars, even if they regularly earn a living by begging, do not provide any valuable service to society. And statistics take into account only those sources of income that are associated with the provision of valuable, socially significant services or with the production of goods. Beggars are included in the so-called underclass, i.e. literally not a class, or layer below all classes. Thus, beggars fall out of the official income pyramid.
The essence of social inequality lies in the unequal access of different categories of the population to socially significant benefits, scarce resources, and liquid values. The essence of economic inequality is that a narrow stratum of society owns most of the national wealth. Most incomes can be distributed in different ways. For example, in the United States, the income level of the majority allows us to speak of the presence of a large middle class, while in Russia the income level of the majority of the population is often below the subsistence level. Accordingly, the pyramid of incomes, their distribution among population groups, in other words, inequality, can be depicted in the first case as a rhombus, and in the second - as a cone. As a result, we get a stratification profile, or an inequality profile.
The essence of social inequality
A variety of relationships, roles, positions lead to differences between people in each particular society. The problem comes down to somehow streamlining these relations between categories of people that differ in many aspects.
What is inequality? In the very general view inequality means that people live in conditions in which they have unequal access to limited resources of material and spiritual consumption. To describe the system of inequality between groups of people in sociology, the concept of “social stratification” is widely used.
When considering the problem of social inequality, it is quite justified to proceed from the theory of socio-economic heterogeneity of labor. Performing qualitatively unequal types of labor, satisfying social needs to varying degrees, people sometimes find themselves engaged in economically heterogeneous labor, because such types of labor have a different assessment of their social utility.
The essence of social inequality, as we have already said, lies in the unequal access of various categories of the population to socially significant benefits, scarce resources, and liquid values. The essence of economic inequality is that a minority of the population always owns most of the national wealth. In other words, the smallest part of society receives the highest incomes, and the majority of the population receives the average and the smallest. The latter can be distributed in different ways. IN USA lowest income(as, indeed, the largest ones) are received by a minority of the population, and the middle ones - by the majority. In Russia today, the lowest incomes are received by the majority, the average incomes are received by a relatively large group, and the highest incomes are received by the minority of the population.
It is the socio-economic heterogeneity of labor that is not only a consequence, but also the reason for the appropriation by some people of power, property, prestige and the absence of all these advantages in the social hierarchy for others. Each of the groups develops its own values and norms and relies on them. If representatives of such groups are placed on a hierarchical basis, then these groups are social strata.
In social stratification there is a tendency to inherit positions. The operation of the principle of inheritance of positions leads to the fact that not all capable and educated individuals have equal chances to occupy positions of power, high principles, and well-paid positions. There are two selection mechanisms at work here: unequal access to genuine quality education and unequal opportunities for obtaining positions by equally trained individuals.
Social stratification has a traditional character: the inequality of the position of different groups of people persists throughout the history of civilization. Even in primitive societies, age and sex, combined with physical strength, were important criteria for stratification.
Imagine a situation where there are numerous social strata in a society, the social distance between which is small, the level of mobility is high, the lower strata are a minority of members of society, rapid technological growth constantly raises the “bar” of meaningful work in the lower tiers of production positions, social protection of the weak, among other things, guarantees the strong and advanced peace and realization of potencies. It is hard to deny that such a society, such interlayer interaction is rather an ideal model in its own way than an everyday reality.
Majority modern societies away from this model. They are characterized by the concentration of power and resources in a numerically small elite. The concentration among the elite of such status attributes as power, property, and education hinders social interaction between the elite and other strata, leads to excessive social distance between it and the majority. This means that the middle class is small and the top is deprived of contact with other groups. It is obvious that such social order promotes destructive conflicts.
Some of the examples that we have given are a reflection of the existing inequality in society. Social inequality characterizes the position in relation to each other of various people and their associations. Inequality existed in society at different stages of its development, but for each period there were certain traits and signs inherent in this particular era. People in society, as we know from history, were not equal in their position, there was always a division into rich and poor, respected and despised, successful and unsuccessful.
The estate structure was more characteristic of the ancient and medieval society, which are usually called traditional. An estate is a group of people with certain rights and obligations that are inherited. Some of the estates had privileges - special rights that elevated these people and allowed them to live at the expense of others. So, in the Russian Empire, the nobility was a privileged estate. And, on the contrary, the vast majority of people in the country were deprived of even elementary human rights. The serfs were the property of the landlords, they could be sold and bought, and the parents even separately from the children.
With the beginning of the industrial revolution, the structure of society changed, classes appeared instead of estates. Class division is carried out, first of all, according to the place of people in the economic system, in relation to property, according to the amount of income they receive. Belonging to a class is not inherited, the transition from one class to another is not regulated in any way, much depends on the person himself. In the 19th century, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat (wage workers) became the main classes in the leading countries of the world. It was then that the theory of K. Marx and F. Engels about the class division of society appeared. They believed that classes are always opposed to each other, are in a state of struggle, and this struggle between them is the driving force of history. First, the opposing classes were slaves and slave owners, then feudal lords and dependent peasants, and finally workers and the bourgeoisie.
Modern social science interprets the concept of class somewhat differently. An important sign of class affiliation is considered to be a certain way of life, due to the profession and income level. In the structure of society today, it is customary to distinguish three main classes:
The highest, which includes bankers, employers who own production and control it, top managers who perform leading management functions;
Medium - employees and skilled workers, businessmen with a certain level of income;
The lowest - workers without special education, service personnel.
A special group also includes people working on the land - farmers, peasants. Of course, such a division is extremely arbitrary, and the actual distribution of people into social groups is much more complicated.
In every society in different historical periods there were people who did not belong to established groups and strata. They occupied, as it were, a borderline, intermediate position. Such a state in science is called marginal, and these people themselves are called marginal.
Outcasts are people who, for various reasons, have fallen out of their usual social environment and are unable to join new groups. For example, with the beginning of the industrial revolution in Europe and in Russia, part of the peasants was forced to move to cities, look for work there, and adapt to a new life. But not every peasant likes urban conditions, the rhythm of urban life. The migrants feel like strangers in this new environment. Soul and mind, they are still peasants living in a small village, with their own way of life.
Another example can be given. Some representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, who are radically minded and have a negative attitude towards autocracy, state and public order Russian Empire, renounced their belonging to the ruling strata in society and announced the transition to the positions of the oppressed people. They proclaimed themselves spokesmen for the interests of the peasants and workers. The position of such people can also be called marginal.
Over time, the outcasts can form a new stable group of people. In the modern world, where the framework of social groups is very mobile and people can move from one to another, the emergence of marginal groups is an important source of change and development of the social structure.