home / Treaties/ Automation of technological processes and production (in mechanical engineering). Automation of mechanical engineering Production automation in mechanical engineering

Automation of technological processes and productions (in mechanical engineering). Automation of mechanical engineering Production automation in mechanical engineering

Fundamentally new technological processes require the creation of new technological equipment. Therefore, for their rapid implementation, a comprehensive development of technology and process equipment is necessary.

The most important problem in the development of any modern production- automation technological processes.

It is especially relevant for mechanical engineering, and here's why. First, the labor intensity of production is very high here. To give just two examples: steam turbine with a capacity of 500 thousand kilowatts, according to the norms, it takes 300 thousand hours, the creation of a sheet-rolling mill "2000" - 5.2 million hours. Secondly, of the 10 million machine-building workers, about half are engaged in manual labor.

Automation of mechanical engineering not only increases labor productivity, eliminates heavy and monotonous manual labor, but also improves the quality and reliability of manufactured products, improves equipment utilization, and shortens the production cycle.

What is the essence of automation of any technological process? Automation should provide without human intervention the given kinematics and parameters of the work process with the required consistency and accuracy.

Complexity of machine building automation lies in the fact that the technology here is not continuous, but discrete and, moreover, extremely diverse. Machine-building production makes millions of different parts, and the manufacture of each part is associated with the implementation of a large number of technological operations. Casting, forging, welding, heat treatment, machining, hardening, coating, non-destructive testing, assembly, testing ... And each of these and many other technological processes not mentioned here also has different options depending on the materials used, shape, sizes and series of parts, requirements for accuracy, performance properties, etc.

In mechanical engineering, mass production accounts for only 12%, and even together with large-scale production - only 29%, while serial and individual production accounts for 71%. This complicates the solution of the automation problem, since small-scale production requires a flexible, quickly configurable automatic process control system. The most appropriate here is a two-hierarchical control system: each technological process is directly controlled by its own small computer, and the control of the entire production, taking into account the information received from them, is already carried out by ordinary computers.

This path is very promising for the automation of mechanical engineering. But, of course, for its implementation it is necessary to improve technological equipment and technological processes.

Until now, the regularities of many technological processes in mechanical engineering have not been sufficiently disclosed, and the operating parameters are regulated by empirical methods. In factories, due to the influence of the scale factor and other production conditions, insufficiently studied technology has to be worked out again.

These problems are becoming more and more urgent, since the creation of new technology is associated with the complexity of structures, the use of materials that are difficult to machine, and increased requirements for quality, reliability, and operational characteristics.

In the manufacturing industry the most effective are continuous technological processes, for example, continuous casting of steel, rolling of blanks, bending of spatial hollow blanks from sheet and coiled strip. Continuous processes, most favorable for automation, provide the highest productivity and metal savings.

To improve the conditions for automation and mechanization of assembly work, which is very laborious and in mass production is mainly carried out manually, it is necessary to improve the design of parts and the layout of machines, increase the accuracy of dimensional processing, optimize tolerances and dimensional chains of machines.

Automation of individual technological operations, of course, increases productivity and product quality. But the most effective is the complex automation of sequentially connected technological operations. At the same time, inaccuracies of previous operations that can disrupt the operation of the machine at the next operation are eliminated, synchronization of the flow of technological operations is ensured, which eliminates machine downtime.

In small-scale production, preparation for production, design and manufacture of equipment, equipment adjustment, installation, alignment of products, control, transportation and storage are associated with large labor and time costs. Therefore, integral automation gives the greatest effect in mechanical engineering: the main technological operations are automated together with auxiliary, control and transport operations.

The experience of using integrally automated production lines in production shows that labor productivity increases up to four times.

To complex automatic systems provided high performance and eliminated the work of adjusters, management should be based on the principles of adaptation and adjustment of work processes. In this case, the parameters of the technological process, the state of the tool, the workpiece, its installation, coordination, processing accuracy must be controlled by sensors that transmit the necessary information, based on the processing of which the parameters of work processes are regulated, tools are moved or replaced, etc.

Flow automatic lines must be equipped with automatically controlled technological equipment, vehicles, control devices, tilting, mounting, filming manipulators. In some cases, precise manipulators with great kinematic capabilities are required, and sometimes with tracking and automatic correction of operations. Such complex and automated manipulators, which replace far from simple manual labor, are usually called robots.

Practice shows that robots should be used not only for auxiliary operations, but also for the automation of complex, diverse technological operations, such as spatial welding, assembly, trimming, cleaning, packaging. Such operations require automatic tracking and spatial orientation, and for their automation, robots must have adaptive control.

It is also of great importance automation of systems for technological preparation of production, which should provide automatic design of technological processes, analysis of the manufacturability of structures, determination of the nomenclature of equipment, tools, development of control programs, etc.

Automatic technology control not only eliminates subjective errors inherent in manual labor, but also provides high stabilization of technological processes, adjustment of their parameters due to fluctuations in the dimensions and properties of raw materials blanks, changes in the state of equipment and tools.

Even in those cases when the technological process is fully automated and its stability is ensured, the problem of control automation is not completely eliminated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop automatic methods and means of analysis chemical composition materials, non-destructive and metrological control, mechanical tests.

And in conclusion, I note that production automation is greatly simplified and gives the greatest economic effect with an increase in serial production. That is why the most important condition for the expansion of automation is the specialization of production and the maximum unification of products. This principle of technical policy should be given great attention.

Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences N. Zorev, director of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Technology (TsNIITMASH).

Qualification - technician

Specialty code: 15.02.07

The level of education: specialist

Automation is a natural process of production development,
which no business can do without.

Relevance of training

In the age of automation and mechanization, technical education becomes relevant. Already in the 17th century, the West realized the need for engineering specialists. This was due to the construction of the first roads and bridges. In Russia, Peter I was fond of technical sciences.

Currently, there is an acceleration in the pace of development in all spheres of human activity. Enterprises are increasingly finding themselves in conditions of small-scale production. Acute competitive fight forces them into short time and, with minimal costs, adjust to the production of new products in accordance with market demands.

The program of automation of production turns out to be a reliable means leading not only to the adaptation of enterprises to new socio-economic conditions, but also to a significant number of technological advantages that provide a significant increase in the surplus value of products. In addition, the automation of production processes helps to perform many technological operations that were not previously available to humans. Thus, the introduction of automation contributes to the overall technological progress of society.

On the modern enterprises specialists with this level of education can work as technicians, while:

The technician must know:

the structure of the design and technology departments;
rights and obligations of the designer and technologist;
the scope of work performed in workshops, departments for the operation, repair and adjustment of automation equipment;
main technological parameters, methods for their measurement, sources of errors and ways to eliminate them;
rules for organizing installation, adjustment, repair, maintenance and operation of automation systems;
basic rules for constructing drawings and diagrams;
parameters and characteristics of typical automation systems;
software in the field of professional activity;
rules and regulations of labor protection, safety, industrial sanitation and fire protection.

The technician must be able to:

develop and execute design and technological documentation;
use computer technology in the design;
maintain automation systems;
fulfill functional responsibilities duplicated engineering and technical workers of the workshop, site, laboratory, etc.;
have the skills of soldering, drawing up and reading design documentation;
have a good knowledge of measuring equipment and be able to use it;
calculate the parameters of various electrical circuits;
organize work in compliance with safety regulations;
draw up design, technological and other technical documentation in accordance with the current regulatory documents;
perform verification, installation and adjustment of measuring and automation instruments, repair and maintenance of automatic control systems;
calculate the main technical and economic indicators of the site, workshop;
evaluate the effectiveness of production activities.

A technician for automating technological processes and production needs to navigate the very structure of the enterprise where he works. He must know the production technology of a particular enterprise, the requirements of development and patent research. Naturally, the work of a specialist in this field does not take place without computer technology, communications and communications. Before introducing new means of automation and mechanization into production, the technician studies its economic efficiency. The field of automation and mechanization of production processes does not stand still, but is constantly evolving. Advanced domestic and foreign experience is constantly strengthened by new knowledge and developments. And this is the merit of the profession of technician for the automation of technological processes and production.

The profession associated with technology and mechanisms does not tolerate a familiar attitude to work. Responsibility and accuracy of all actions are important here. Even meticulous work, at times, requires stress tolerance. Responsibility and attentiveness of a specialist will help him to avoid mistakes in his work.

Medical restrictions for the technician:

Visual impairment (severe myopia);
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
Diseases of the lungs, blood vessels and nervous system.

Admission

Name specialty	Base	Term learning	Form of study
Automation of technological processes and production (by industry) 15.02.07 Qualification - technician	based on 9 classes	3 years 10 months	Full-time education

The state educational standard in the specialty "Automation of technological processes and production" for the training of a specialist in this profile provides study of many professional and special disciplines:

Engineering graphics.
Electrical engineering.
Technical mechanics.
Occupational Safety and Health.
Materials Science.
Economics of the organization.
Electronic equipment.
Computer Engineering.
Electrical measurements.
Electric cars.
Management.
Life safety.
Technology for the formation of automatic control systems for typical technological processes, measuring instruments, simple mechatronic devices and systems.
Methods for the implementation of standard and certification tests, metrological checks of measuring instruments.
Theoretical foundations of control and analysis of the functioning of automatic control systems.
Theoretical foundations of the organization, installation, repair, adjustment of automatic control systems, measuring instruments and mechatronic systems.
Theoretical foundations of maintenance and operation of automatic and mechatronic control systems.
Theoretical foundations for the development and modeling of simple automation systems, taking into account the specifics of technological processes.
Theoretical foundations for the development and modeling of individual simple modules and mechatronic systems.
Theoretical foundations for ensuring the reliability of automation systems and models of mechatronic systems.
Technology for monitoring the compliance and reliability of devices and functional blocks of mechatronic and automatic devices and control systems.

As a rule, practice is organized on machine-building plants and large industrial enterprises.

Future professions:

Employment prospects

In the field of industrial automation this moment there is a shortage of highly qualified specialists.

A technician for the automation of production and technological processes is in demand both in mechanical engineering and in various enterprises where there are automated production control systems.

INFORMATION FOR PARENTS

In details

The field of professional activity of graduates in the specialty "Automation of technological processes and production": organization and implementation of work on the installation, repair, maintenance of devices and tools for measuring, controlling, testing and regulating technological processes.

The objects of professional activity of the graduate are:

Technical means and automatic control systems, including technical systems, built on the basis of mechatronic modules used as information-sensor, executive and control devices, the necessary software and algorithmic support for systems management;
Technical documentation, technological processes and production apparatuses;
Metrological support of technological control, technical means of ensuring reliability;
Primary labor groups.

Advantages of the specialty:

The technician prepares for the following activities:

Control and metrological support of automation means and systems:

Organization of works on installation, repair and adjustment of automation systems:

Operation of automation systems:

Perform work on the operation of automatic control systems, taking into account the specifics of the technological process.
Monitor and analyze the functioning of system parameters during operation.
Record and analyze instrument readings.

Development and modeling of simple automation systems, taking into account the specifics of technological processes:

Conduct an analysis of automatic control systems, taking into account the specifics of technological processes.
Choose devices and automation tools, taking into account the specifics of technological processes.
Make diagrams of specialized nodes, blocks, devices and automatic control systems.
Calculate the parameters of typical circuits and devices.
Evaluate and ensure the ergonomic performance of automation schemes and systems.

Carrying out analysis of characteristics and ensuring the reliability of automation systems:

Monitor the quality parameters of automation systems.
Analyze the reliability characteristics of automation systems.
Ensure that the condition of automation facilities and systems meets the requirements of reliability.

Depending on the size of the production program, there are 3 main types of production: single, serial, mass.

In mass production with a constant output, as a rule, high-performance special equipment is used, combined with automatic transport and loading mechanisms of periodic action, which in combination is a rigid AL.

Large-scale production is characterized by a limited production time, a certain period of its obsolescence. Preparation of such production should be carried out in a short time. Under these conditions, the main and auxiliary equipment is subject to the requirements of high performance and over-the-ti, readjustment and the possibility of rearrangement in relatively easy ways. Reducing the cost of pre-production depends on meeting these requirements. These requirements are met by automatic and semi-automatic equipment, and above all by modular and CNC machines, which can be combined with the help of PR into reconfigurable non-synchronous flexible AL.

Serial multi-product production, in which the duration of the production of parts of the same type ranges from several days to several weeks, until recently, had a fleet of equipment from reconfigurable and wide-purpose machines with manual control.

The task of automation was solved by using copy machines and quick-change semi-automatic machines with cam mechanisms. Currently, there are various trends in the automation of this production:

The use of reconfigurable aggregate machines combined into reconfigurable AL with flexible connection (non-synchronous).

Creation of reconfigurable AL for group processing of parts with interchangeable adjustments. (ECs are beneficial only with sufficiently large series)

Creation of AL with program control of CNC machines.

Creation of automated productions from CNC machine tools with computer control at the middle and upper levels.

The last two directions seem to be the most promising, because. they lay the prerequisites for the implementation of a qualitatively new level of production. (GPS).

One of the ways effective solution complex automation of serial production is the creation of standard automated technological complexes (ATK) distinguish between appointments. to perform the most common operations in MS, including procurement and assembly. Such complexes must meet the requirements:

Ensure reliable operation with a high level of automation.

Cover the main TP MS production including procurement and assembly operations.

Have the ability to dock with each other and with standard transport systems with various layouts of automated sections and AL.

Provide wide adaptability to changing production conditions. Technological complexes should provide the possibility of choosing the level of automation that is economically justified.

Promising for the automation of medium-sized and small-scale production is the creation of standard robotic systems and GPM.

Small-scale production, requiring readjustment within the limits of the lowest level of labor productivity and automation of software.

In small-scale production, the range of parts assigned to the machine can be quite wide, so automation in such production should be developed by expanding the methods of batch processing and creating RTK and GPM, programmed by the 1st part and processed further.

Individual production - the basis of universal machines with manual control. There may be separate automation tools. Wide versatility and high flexibility, i.e. the possibility of quick changeover are the main advantages of such machines. Their main drawback is low productivity and the execution by the worker of the entire necessary control cycle, the operation of the machine.

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1.1 Basic concepts

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4. Technological processes in the woodworking and furniture industry

5. Technical and economic calculations of options for technological processes

Literature

1. Mechanization and automation of technological processes in mechanical engineering

1.1. Basic concepts

The prerequisites for mechanization and automation are: the need to improve the quality of work performed and productivity, reduce physical and nervous stress on the employee, improve his working conditions, eliminate possible factors of injury and occupational diseases of the worker, increase safety and social prestige of work.

Under the mechanization of technological processes understand the use of energy inanimate nature when performing technological operations that are completely controlled by people, carried out in order to reduce labor costs, improving working conditions, increasing productivity and quality of work, partial alignment of the physical personal characteristics of workers. Mechanization is aimed at transferring individual manual operations for processing products or other auxiliary operations to be serviced by devices controlled by operators. With mechanization, the functions of the worker are reduced only to the management of work, quality control, regulation of tools and equipment.

Automation of technological processes is understood as the use of inanimate energy to perform these processes or their components and control them without the direct participation of people, carried out in order to improve the (often radical) quality of operations and productivity, reduce resource costs, improve working conditions, and eliminate industrial injuries. improving the quality of manufactured products. With automation, a person is freed from the direct performance of process control functions. These functions are transferred to special control devices. The role of the employee is reduced to monitoring and controlling the operation of instruments, technological tools and equipment, their adjustment, turning on and off the machine, machine, line, changing the tool and setting it up. The nature, content of the work and its social prestige is changing radically (compare the work of a loader and an operator of an automatic loading and unloading machine).

There are the following types of mechanization and automation: primary and secondary, partial and complete, single and complex.

Primary mechanization or automation is understood as the mechanization or automation of technical processes in which, before their implementation, only human energy was used. Secondary - when before they were carried out, the energy of inanimate nature was also used.

Partial mechanization or automation is understood as such actions in which part of the energy costs of people is replaced by the energy costs of inanimate nature. With full mechanization and automation, the energy consumption of people is completely replaced by the energy of inanimate nature.

Single mechanization or automation - partial or complete mechanization or automation of one component of the process, excluding the management of the complex. With complex mechanization or automation, partial or complete mechanization or automation of two or more primary components of the process is carried out.

1.2 Technological prerequisites for mechanization and automation

Technological prerequisites for automation require certain technological preparation, which includes specialization, unification and typing of technological processes, technological equipment, equipment, standardization and normalization of designs of manufactured products in order to develop group technical processes, increase the level of manufacturability of product manufacturing, including processing, assembly, testing and debugging processes . At the same time, the execution of all types of work at the highest level of quality is of great importance.

The technical and economic efficiency of the introduction of automation and mechanization depends on the level of technological preparation and organization of production, the stability of the quality of raw materials, materials, components, the stability of technological parameters during the process.

The main condition for the automation of technological processes is the flow of manufacturing products, the typification and intensification of technological processes, as well as the correspondence of automation methods to the nature of production.

The flow of product production is the sequential arrangement of the working positions of the tool for performing operations in accordance with the accepted technological process. Such an arrangement of working positions excludes the oncoming movement of mechanization or automation means when moving the object of labor and reduces the length of the path and time.

Typification and unification of the technological processes used can significantly reduce the range of technological tools and equipment, streamline the number of technological operations and transitions. Typification of technological processes - grouping of processed products according to common technological features: commonality of shape, size, properties, process parameters.

In conditions of serial and even large-scale production, it is impossible to solve the problem of effective automation without typing due to low equipment utilization and frequent readjustment. The use of standard unified processes creates an opportunity for the development of standard loading devices, a significant reduction in their number and, accordingly, costs in the design and manufacture.

The concentration of operations as a result of their combination in one technological device makes it possible to reduce the number of intermediate operations, for example, multiple clamping and orientation of the workpiece in space. The concentration and intensification of technological processes should not affect their stability. The technological process is considered stable if the fluctuations of parameters (physical-mechanical, chemical, plastic properties of the material, temperature range of processing, tool wear, contact friction, pressure, etc.) allowed by the technological conditions do not cause disturbances in the technological process. For the stability of the technological process, it should be carried out with optimally stable parameters of its constituent elements. When using automation tools, it is often necessary to tighten the requirements for the stability of properties, dimensions,

workpiece shape accuracy, technological and quality parameters. This is especially important when creating automatic lines, since stopping only one loading or transmitting device leads to downtime of the expensive equipment of the entire line.

The main prerequisites for automation are:

1) the highest degree of progressiveness of the technological process;

2) requirements for ensuring the high quality of work performed at all stages of the production process, incl. materials, raw materials, components, semi-finished products, design and technological preparation;

3) deepening the specialization of production;

4) high reliability and flawless operation of tools, devices and equipment;

5) a high degree of standardization, unification and typification of all elements of the production process;

6) technological and economic flexibility of the production system;

7) high professionalism of production personnel;

8) technical and socio-economic feasibility.

1.3 The structure of automation and mechanization

Production is characterized by a wide variety of: materials used and their properties; types of blanks (piece, multi-piece, continuous tape, wire, strip, etc.); conditions of their processing (cold, hot, in vacuum, under excessive pressure); the nature of technological operations (heating, cooling, separation, grinding, pressing, plastic shaping, destruction, etc.); the number of operations performed on technological equipment. Each of these features imposes its own requirements on the structure (composition), principle of operation and design of the automation tools used. However, the main elements of these tools can be combined into groups in accordance with common features. For example, a tool for automating the stamping process includes a device for loading and orienting blanks (UO3), a device for feeding blanks (UP3), a device for interoperational transportation of blanks (UMT), a device for removing parts (UUD), a device for removing waste (UUO), a device for storing parts (USD), a device for mechanizing the process of changing die equipment (USSH). Reliable and trouble-free operation of automation tools is supported by a control blocking device (CBU), whose functions include monitoring the correct position of the workpiece and the sequence of execution of motion automation devices.

Means of automation and mechanization according to the technological functions performed are usually divided into automating and mechanizing the main technological and auxiliary operations. Depending on the type of the initial workpiece, the means of mechanization and automation of the main technological operations are divided into means operating from a piece workpiece or a continuous (long-length) workpiece. The commonality of the devices of the first type lies in the fact that it is necessary to continuously carry out the process of orientation, fixation and supply of piece blanks into the processing zone. This increases the requirement for orientation, control of the correct position of the workpiece and blocking of technological equipment.

1.4 Process Automation Methods

The fundamental ideas of automation, practical and constructive ways of its implementation depend on the nature and type of production. Automation of technical processes is developing either by equipping universal machines with automation tools, or by creating a special or specialized automatic equipment. In serial and large-scale production, it is advisable to create and use reconfigurable lines based on universal equipment. Special or specialized equipment is mainly used in mass production. For example, single or multi-position automatic presses, hot and cold forging automatic presses.

A fundamentally new approach to solving the problem of automation, mainly in small-scale serial production, is equipment technological machines program control systems, the creation of processing centers with computer control. Wide opportunities are opened by application in production industrial robots, since it allows you to automate technological processes that are difficult to implement by traditional means; provide quick and easy changeover to a new technological process, which contributes to the flexibility of production; creates conditions for the organization of complex automated sections and workshops; improve product quality and output; change the working conditions of workers by freeing them from monotonous, heavy, unskilled and hazardous work; reduce the range of automation tools, the cost of their development and the timing of their implementation.

1.5 Drives of automation and mechanization

The drive is one of the main parts of any means of automation and mechanization. The drive is understood as a system consisting of an engine and a converting mechanism that serves to transfer energy from the engine to the working body. Drives must have certain properties: smooth acceleration and deceleration; speed; low inertia; high efficiency.

Depending on the type of engine, drives are divided into electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, combined, internal combustion engines, turbo engines. The electric drive has received the greatest distribution in the industry. Electric motors of various types are used: direct and alternating current, synchronous and asynchronous, stepping, high-torque, etc. Hydraulic drives have great prospects, which can be made in the form of hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic chambers. They are characterized by high power, smooth acceleration and braking, relatively small dimensions. Depending on the purpose, the drives are divided into power drives and displacement drives. Power drives after the completion of the movement of the working body create a given force (torque) on it. For example, the drive for moving the manipulator trolley is kinematic, and the drive for gripping the arm of the manipulator is power.

It is customary to distinguish between individual and group drives, single-engine and multi-engine.

The choice of the type of drive depends on many factors: on the characteristics of automation devices, power, availability of energy sources, requirements for the dimensions of the engine, response speed, safety, etc. At the same time, they strive to get it minimum dimensions, high energy performance, the ability to work in the mode of automatic control and regulation with the provision of optimal laws of acceleration and deceleration with a minimum time of transients; speed, ease of inclusion and disconnection; the possibility of embedding cooling and thermal control systems to ensure acceptable operating modes and stability of its characteristics, ease of installation and repair, low noise level.

Converting mechanisms are selected depending on the nature of the movement of the driven link (rotary or translational, continuous or intermittent). Mechanisms for converting rotational motion into translational motion can be made in the form of a lever-connecting rod system, a cam mechanism, a rack and pinion mechanism, etc. Crank mechanisms are most widely used.

1.6 Fundamentals of flexible automation technology

Most of the productions have a serial and individual type and require frequent changeovers of equipment, and this is associated with significant time losses, so flexible systems have been created. Flexible production allows for a short time, at minimal cost, to switch to other technological processes carried out on the same equipment.

According to the degree of flexibility, there are four groups of industries: 1) the equipment is intended only for one technological process; 2) this group is based on the use of several types of equipment, which, as necessary, when the technological process changes, are periodically put into operation; 3) this group uses numerical control equipment that quickly readjusts the tool, process modes and equipment in accordance with the needs of production; 4) The group is based on flexible production technology and equipment - the transition to the release of new products is carried out automatically.

Flexible automated production(GAP) allows you to: reduce the time of development of new products; improve product quality and productivity; cut production cycle; reduce operating costs; improve working conditions. The main link of the GAP is the flexible production system (FPS).

A flexible production system (FPS) is a set of various combinations of numerically controlled equipment (CHGGU), robotic technological complexes, flexible production modules, individual units of technological equipment and systems for ensuring their functioning in automatic mode for a given time interval, which has the property of automated changeovers in the production of products of an arbitrary range within the established limits of the values of their characteristics. The concept of production system flexibility is ambiguous. Distinguish between structural and technological flexibility.

Structural flexibility provides for the possibility of choosing the sequence of processing or assembly, building up the system on the basis of a modular principle and performing work on similar equipment in the event of failure of any of the pieces of equipment included in the system.

Technological flexibility is defined by the ability to perform the processing of a group of different parts on existing equipment without readjustment or with minor readjustments. For systems with a wide and continuously changing range of machined parts, the most acceptable technological principle is the organization of a flexible structure, which ensures the most efficient use of equipment and reduces the number of employees.

According to the organizational structure, the FMS is divided into the following types: flexible production module (FPM), robotic technological complex (RTC), flexible automated line (GAL), flexible automated section (GAU), flexible automated workshop (GAC).

Flexible production module - component FMS, which is a unit of technological equipment for the production of products of an arbitrary range within the established limits of the values of their characteristics with program control, autonomously functioning, automatically performing all the functions associated with their manufacture, having the ability to be integrated into a flexible production system.

A robotic complex (RC) is an autonomously functioning set of technological equipment, a robot and their equipment.

Flexible automated line - a production system consisting of several GPM, united by an automated control system, in which the technological equipment is located in the accepted sequence of technological operations.

Flexible automated section - a flexible production system consisting of several GPMs, united by an automated control system, operating along a technological route, which provides for the possibility of changing the sequence of using technological equipment.

Flexible automated workshop - a flexible production system, which is a set of flexible automated lines, robotic technological sections for the manufacture of products of a given range in various combinations.

Flexible production systems are based on the wide use of modern software-controlled technological equipment, microprocessor computing tools and robotic systems.

There are various options for completing the FMS with technological equipment. For example, sections can be created from the same type of multi-purpose machines or functionally complementary single-purpose machines (milling, drilling, etc.). The greatest development of HPS was received in machining and much less - in assembly processes. These systems provide high level automation of technological processes and a significant increase in labor productivity, shorten the production cycle of complex parts, improve the use of basic equipment and improve the quality of products.

In the future, FMS are the constituent elements of automatic batch production plants that provide a comprehensive solution to the problems associated with the manufacture of products and enterprise management.

The introduction of the GMS gives a great economic effect and causes important changes in production, which is manifested in an increase in the culture of work, the exclusion of hard physical labor and the improvement of safety.

However, GVC cannot replace all types of production. With large batch sizes of the same type of parts, it is advisable to use rigid automatic and rotary lines of machine tools. In conditions single production more profitable is the use of universal equipment serviced by highly skilled workers. An intermediate position between these two types of production is occupied by the State Fire Service.

With the transition to flexible production systems and flexible automated areas, the efficiency of equipment use increases by 2...3 times due to a reduction in changeover time. The coefficient of use of machine time of machine tools increases to 0.85 ... 0.9 (compared to 0.4 ... 0.6), and the shift coefficient of their work - up to 2.5. The cycle of processing parts is significantly reduced by 6 ... 10 times. However, the creation of GMS is associated with significant costs and in all cases it is necessary to evaluate the technical, economic and organizational efficiency of their implementation.

Indicators of economic efficiency from the introduction of GPS are the payback ratio, the annual economic effect, the coefficient of labor productivity increase, the coefficient of increment in the cost of processing products per worker, capital productivity.

Efficiency is assessed by equipment utilization rate, equipment shift and load ratio, flexibility factor and reliability indicators.

An important element of the GPS is the robot, the predecessor of which was the manipulator. Its appearance is associated with the need to facilitate physical work when manipulating heavy workpieces during their processing (the forging manipulator began to be used in the first half of the 20th century). The manipulator was controlled by an operator who set certain commands, the trajectory of movement of the mechanical arm (grip), horizontal and vertical movement of the device itself (manipulator). Manipulators are also widely used when performing work in conditions of high temperatures, radiation, aggressive chemical environment.

The robot is a reprogrammable manipulator that is able to work autonomously, without direct human control. This new type a device that can be easily integrated into production lines, perform not only auxiliary, but also working operations, take measurements, change the tool and its position in space, select workpiece processing modes, and even troubleshoot emerging problems.

An industrial robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional device designed to perform auxiliary (capturing, lifting, feeding, changing, transporting and manipulating a workpiece or part, tools or technological equipment) and working (welding, assembling, painting, etc.) operations using special devices controlled by the corresponding program.

Three generations of robots are known. The first generation (PR) are characterized by hard-coded operations for a given technological process. The second generation of robots (AR), equipped with an adaptive control device, can respond to changes in environmental parameters using feedback sensors. The mechanical part of the PR and AR is almost the same, but the AR control system is more complicated. The third generation of robots (RII) has artificial intelligence, RII are equipped with powerful computers, they are much more complex and mechanically. The program of its actions is formed in the process of its functioning on the basis of a comparison of the parameters of the external environment and a given model. RII can maintain continuous communication with a person in natural or artificial language.

Robots still differ from each other depending on: the number of degrees of mobility (with two, three, four or more degrees of mobility); movement possibilities (stationary, mobile); method of installation at the workplace (floor, suspended and built-in); drive type (electromechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.); programming methods (programmed by learning, programmed analytically); type of coordinate system (working in rectangular, cylindrical, spherical, angular and other coordinate systems); appointments (technological, hoisting and transport, controlling, welding, painting, assembly, etc.).

Structurally, robots consist of three main components - a mechanical arm (working body), a drive and a control system, including sensors for determining the parameters of the external environment and a control computer.

1.7 Automation of control and design systems

Automation of information processing in production includes two processes: the creation and use of automated control systems (ACS) and computer-aided design systems (CAD).

ACS - a "man-machine" system that ensures the effective functioning of an object, in which the collection and processing of information necessary for the implementation of control functions is carried out using automation and computer technology.

CAD is a “man-machine” system that provides effective design (creation, development) of an object, during which the collection and processing of the necessary information, as well as the output of results, is carried out using automation and computer technology.

Depending on the production facility There are various automated control systems and CAD systems. For example, an automated process control system (APCS), an automated system for technological preparation of production (ASTPP) - a system for automated design of a technological process, an automated enterprise management system (APCS).

Automated control systems can be classified into three classes. The first class will include ACS in which people are the object of control, for example, ACS - an automated system organizational management. To the second class - automated control systems, in which the control object are machines, such as automated control systems. To the third - integrated automated control systems (IACS), in which people and machines are the object of control.

These automated control systems include automated enterprise management systems (APCS) or integrated enterprise management systems (IMUP).

APCS are complex and complex control systems. Therefore, during design and operation, they are divided into subsystems.

There are two groups of subsystems: functional and providing. Functional subsystems: technical and economic planning, operational management of the main production, logistics and sales, technical preparation of production, quality management, accounting.

Supporting subsystems: hardware, mathematical and software, information support.

Among modern ISUP, 1C:Enterprise, Galaxy, Parus, etc. are widely used.

For example, ISUP "Galaktika" is intended for use in creating a unified automated control system at a modern enterprise. This system contains 4 control loops: the loop administration; operational control loop; production control loop; accounting outline.

Thus, information and knowledge have always been important components of economic growth, and the development of technology has largely determined the productivity of society, the standard of living, as well as social forms economic organization.

On the modern society the accumulated scientific and technical potential has a great influence, especially achievements in such promising areas as microelectronics and electronic technology collection, processing and use of information, which should lead to the third industrial revolution.

1.8 Lifting vehicles, manipulators, robots, robotic complexes, flexible production systems

Hoisting and transport devices and mechanisms (PTM) are widely used in moving, lifting workpieces, technological tools and equipment, finished products, various cargoes during construction, repair, installation. They are universal, specialized and special.

Lifting devices are characterized by intermittent operation; these include hoists, cranes, stacker cranes, hoists, elevators. In the workshops, the so-called overhead cranes, which consist of three mechanisms, are most widely used: lifting, moving the trolley across the span along the crane frame, moving the bridge (frame) along the span of the workshop along crane rails installed on the ledges of the columns. Overhead cranes have an electric drive from a three-phase current network, reliable braking systems that prevent spontaneous lowering of loads and displacement of the trolley along the span. The number of overhead cranes is determined at the rate of one crane for every 60-100 m of the span, but in each case the number of cranes is specified depending on the nature of the work and the type of cargo. The lifting capacity of double-girder overhead bridge cranes is from 10 tons to 250 tons. Overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of 20 tons and more have two hooks each: one main, the other auxiliary. The control is carried out from the cab mounted on the crane bridge. Travel speed of overhead cranes up to 120 m/min. If the crane has two hooks, the lifting capacity is indicated as a fraction: in the numerator for the main hook, in the denominator for the auxiliary hook.

For transportation and mechanization of the installation of technological tools and equipment, movement, lifting and lowering of various loads, electric and forklift trucks, auto and electric platforms of various carrying capacities and designs are used. Max Speed movement of electric forklifts with a load horizontally 10 km/h, forklift trucks - 15 km/h, electric car - 18 km/h, inside the workshop the speed of movement over 5 km/h is not allowed.

Conveyors and conveyors of various types and types, rail and railless carts, belt conveyors, plate and chain conveyors are widely used in mass production. Particularly effective are the so-called overhead chain conveyors with carrying chain and push conveyors with programmed control. The push conveyor has two overhead tracks one above the other. Trolleys connected with a traction chain move along the upper path, and trolleys with suspensions of transported goods moved by pull chain fists move along the lower path.

It is recommended to use continuous transport with a route length of up to 300 m. For servicing warehouses, special loaders are used - floor trackless stackers that lift loads to a height of more than 7 m overhead cranes - stackers. They store and retrieve blanks, semi-finished products, finished products and technological tools in multi-tiered racks, which can significantly increase the level of production and storage space utilization.

automation design mechanization robotic conveyor

2. Socio-economic foundations for the development of progressive technological processes

Significant role in the implementation of the innovation program for 2006 - 2010. belongs to progressive technological processes. The developed program for the development of innovative activity provides for an orientation to the scientific and technical potential available in the republic, to its maximum involvement in the innovation process. The scientific basis was the results of studies carried out at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and other scientific institutions. The Republic of Belarus has: advantageous geographical and geopolitical position; developed system of transport communications and industrial infrastructure; significant land, water, forest, peat resources, as well as minerals (oil, shale, brown coal, iron ore, salt, potash fertilizers); high general educational level of the population and the established system of training qualified personnel; significant scientific and technical potential; diversified industrial complex; powerful building base, multi-vector foreign economic relations. For the successful implementation of the developed innovation program, it is necessary Special attention pay attention to the introduction of progressive technological processes into production.

Progressive technological processes are characterized by the following features: they provide high quality of manufactured products (performance of work), reduce the cost of resources (raw materials, materials, energy, tools, equipment, process lubricants, labor costs, production areas, etc.), reduce environmental pollution and improve the environmental

situation, expand technological capabilities and prospects for the development of the process, increase labor productivity and safety of operations, improve working conditions. Each branch of industry at a certain stage of its development uses a lot of different progressive technological processes, tools and equipment. However, there are such technological processes that have made revolutionary changes in many branches of industrial and intellectual human activity. Such progressive technologies include: information, laser and ultrasonic; powder metallurgy; biotechnology; technological processes performed in vacuum and under high pressure, electrophysical and electrochemical, and many others.

2.1 Technological processes using computers

Many technological processes, characterized by the complexity of the connections of numerous components and the need to process a huge amount of information, cannot be implemented without the use of modern information technology and technology. It suffices here to give examples of the launch and control of space objects; ensuring the functioning of automatic production systems; management of the complex energy economy of an enterprise, city and republic; a comprehensive medical examination (of the cardiovascular system and the human brain), weather forecasting, and much more. In production, significant changes have occurred with the introduction of computer technology in the development of drawings of tools and various technological devices, modeling of technological processes and testing of new types of equipment, management of complex technological processes and equipment, organizing the logistics of production, maintaining organizational and administrative documentation, etc.

The development of a drawing of products for various purposes at the enterprise requires significant labor costs of qualified specialists. Design work can often be compared with art, as it requires the use of a huge array of data and a great ability in practice to optimally combine various structural elements in one product. The drawing of the product must be of high quality, give a clear idea of the design, avoid vague interpretations, make the most of standard and unified elements, be easy to handle and store, and allow for multiple replication. The traditional, old technological process for developing drawings was based on the use by the designer of a drawing tool (pencil, compass, rubber band, ruler, square, etc.), drawing board (drawing machine), drawing paper (drawing paper), a huge number of reference books, standards, including including ESKD - a single standard design documentation. The drawing of the product was carried out by the designer in pencil in the selected scale, was carefully checked for errors and compliance with applicable standards and normative documents, then a copy was made on tracing paper from the so-called protein, which was the source material for replicating the drawing. The quality of the completed drawing was determined by many subjective parameters and was often not perfect. In addition, the storage and search of such drawings required a lot of resources, including archival space with the appropriate equipment.

At present, most modern enterprises have introduced a technological process for the computerized execution of graphic works using special programs and a huge database of standards, norms, and other information materials. The drawing of the product is carried out by the designer on a computer in the required scale with the highest accuracy, all its structural elements (bolts, screws, nuts, washers; pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical equipment, standard products, etc.) are almost instantly called up from the database and installed in right place. For storage, reproduction, modification, transfer to the performer on workplace minimal resources are used. In addition, when using processing equipment with program control, the drawing is electronically entered into the machine control system and thus complete (complex) automation of the technological process is realized. Making changes to the design of the product is not difficult and can be quickly fixed in electronic version. Coordination of design decisions with interested organizations located at a great distance is simplified with minimal time and financial resources. The transfer of design documentation to anywhere in the world can be effectively carried out by e-mail.

Similar revolutionary changes in the use of computers occurred in the development and execution of technological documentation. Computers play a special role in the development of complex, multicomponent technological processes that require labor-intensive calculations and simulation. In particular, computer simulation of the process of plastic forming of metals and alloys can significantly speed up and avoid errors in the development of the stamping process and the design of dies, which are often quite expensive technological equipment and engineering omissions and errors in design and manufacture can bring great losses. Computer simulation of the process of forming a workpiece or part in the cavity of the die allows you to choose the most optimal shape, dimensions and temperature for processing the workpiece, as well as the parameters and number of grooves that provide the highest quality of the resulting stamped forging or part at minimum pressures on the contact (working) surface of the deforming tool , which increases its durability several times. In addition, computer modeling can significantly reduce material waste, the metal utilization rate can reach up to 0.95, and it is also possible to reduce the consumption of expensive die steel by optimizing and increasing the geometric accuracy of the shape and dimensions of the working parts of dies and molds.

It is impossible to overestimate the use of computer modeling in the study of dynamic processes, for predicting weather changes and the development of earthquakes on earth, for medical examination of the human body, when choosing optimal shape car design or aircraft to reduce aerodynamic drag during movement, when predicting the behavior of a car or aircraft in critical situations. Modern simulators used for various purposes cannot be imagined without the use of computer simulation elements.

Computer technology has revolutionized the editorial, publishing and typographical business: fantastically improved the quality printing products and process productivity, expanded technological capabilities. It is impossible to overestimate the effectiveness and importance of a computer medical examination of the patient's condition and an objective assessment of the capabilities of his body.

2.2 Biotechnology

Second half of XX century. marked by the intensive development of biotechnology. Biotechnology is an industrial technology for obtaining valuable products from raw materials with the help of microorganisms. Biotechnological processes have been known since ancient times: baking, making wine and beer, cheese, vinegar, lactic acid products, bio-purification of water, pest control of flora and fauna, processing of leather, plant fibers, obtaining organic fertilizers, etc. The scientific foundations were laid in the ninth century French scientist L. Pasteur (1822-1895), who laid the foundation for microbiology. This was facilitated, on the one hand, by the rapid development of molecular biology and genetics, biochemistry and biophysics, and, on the other hand, by the emergence of the problem of lack of food, mineral resources, energy, medicines, and environmental degradation. In the modern sense, the field of biotechnology includes genetic and cellular engineering, the purpose of which is to change the hereditary mechanisms of functioning of organisms to control the activities of living beings. Biotechnology is closely related to technical microbiology and biochemistry. It also uses many methods chemical technology, especially at the final stages of the production process, when substances are isolated, for example, from biomass.

Biotechnology is based on microbiological synthesis, that is, the cultivation of selected microorganisms in a nutrient medium of a certain composition. The world of microorganisms - the smallest, predominantly unicellular organisms (bacteria, microscopic fungi, algae, etc.) - is extremely vast and diverse. They reproduce most often by simple cell division, sometimes by budding or other asexual means.

Microorganisms are characterized by a wide variety of physiological and biochemical properties. Some of them, the so-called anaerobes, do not need air oxygen, others grow well on the ocean floor in sulfide springs at a temperature of 250 ° C, others have chosen as their habitat nuclear reactors. There are microorganisms that remain viable in a deep vacuum, and there are those that do not care about pressure of 1,000-1,400 atm. The extraordinary stability of microorganisms allows them to occupy the extreme boundaries of the biosphere: they are found in the ocean soil at a depth of 11 km, in the atmosphere at a height of more than 20 km. Microorganisms are widely distributed in nature, up to 2-3 billion of them can be contained in a gram of soil. In microorganisms, many processes of biosynthesis and energy metabolism, for example, electron transport and protein synthesis, proceed similarly to the same processes as in the cells of higher plants and animals.

However, microorganisms also have specific enzymatic and biochemical reactions, on which their ability to decompose cellulose, lingin, oil hydrocarbons, wax, and other substances is based. There are microorganisms capable of assimilating molecular nitrogen, synthesizing protein, and producing many biologically active substances (antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, etc.). This is the basis for the use of microorganisms to obtain a wide variety of products. Moreover, in modern biotechnology, not whole organisms, but their components are increasingly being used: living cells, various structures that are their parts, and biological molecules.

Now, with the help of biotechnology, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, alcohols, feed additives for animals, fermented milk products and much more are obtained. Interest in the use of biotechnologies is constantly growing in various fields of human activity: in energy, Food Industry, medicine, agriculture, chemical industry, etc. This is primarily due to the possibility of using renewable resources (biomass) as raw materials, as well as energy savings. For example, substances such as ammonia, glycerin, methanol, phenol are more profitable to produce by biotechnology than by chemical methods.

A promising direction in the development of biotechnology is the development and introduction into practice of microbiological methods for obtaining various metals. As you know, microorganisms play an important role in the cycle of substances in nature. It has been established that they are involved in the process of formation of ore minerals. So at the beginning of the twentieth century, in an old spent copper mine, a huge amount of copper was found in the aqueous solution pumped out of the mine, which was produced by bacteria from copper sulfide compounds. Oxidizing water-insoluble copper sulfides, bacteria convert them into easily soluble compounds, and the process proceeds very quickly. Microorganisms are able to process not only copper compounds, but also extract iron, zinc, nickel, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, lead, bismuth, uranium, gold, germanium, rhenium and many others from ore. The use of bacteria is especially effective at the final stage of mine operation, during waste processing. The introduction of geomicrobiological technology will make it possible to involve in industrial use hard-to-reach, deep deposits of minerals. After the appropriate preparatory work, it will be enough to immerse the pipes to the desired depth and bring the biological solution through them to the ore rock. Passing through the rock, the solution is enriched with certain metals, and raised to the surface will carry the necessary natural resources. There is no need to build expensive mines, the undesirable burden on the environmental situation will decrease, large areas of land occupied by mines, dumps and processing enterprises will be freed up, the costs of cleaning the atmosphere, land and wastewater will be reduced, and the cost of extracted minerals will be significantly reduced.

Intensive development and expansion of the use of biological processes in the production of medicines, proteins and feed, organic fertilizers, food products based on fermentation, combustible gases and liquids, microorganisms for cleaning the liquid and air habitat of the living world is a very relevant and highly effective task of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. The possibility of using biotechnologies in the development of non-traditional methods for obtaining energy resources cannot be neglected. The conversion of biomass into biogas makes it possible to obtain 50-80% of potential energy without polluting the environment.

Biotechnology today has the following areas:

1) industrial biotechnology (microbiological synthesis);

2) genetic and cellular engineering;

3) engineering enzymology (protein engineering).

Industrial biotechnology implements processes that are carried out in artificial production conditions in order to obtain baker's, wine and fodder yeast, vaccines, protein and vitamin concentrates (PVC), plant protection products, starter cultures for fermented milk products and ensiling fodder, soil fertilizers, antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins, alcohols, organic acids, solvents. In addition, these processes make it possible to utilize waste, cellulose and produce biogas.

Genetic engineering allows you to create artificial genetic structures by influencing the material carriers of heredity (DNA), with its help you can form completely new organisms and produce physiologically active substances of a protein nature for medical and agricultural needs (to produce interferon, insulin, growth hormone of living organisms). Genetic engineering is considered the most promising area of modern biotechnology, with its help it is possible to correct human hereditary diseases, create tissue regeneration stimulators for the treatment of wounds, burns, and fractures.

Engineering enzymology is promising direction development of industrial biotechnology, is a science that develops the basis for the creation of highly efficient enzymes for the industrial intensification of technological processes with significant savings in material and energy resources. Enzymes are used in the production of sugar for diabetics, hormonal preparations, leather processing, obtaining fabrics, paper, synthetic materials, glucose, improving the quality of dairy products, etc.

2.3 Laser technologies

One of the outstanding achievements of physics in the second half of the 20th century. was the discovery of physical phenomena that served as the basis for the creation of a unique device - an optical quantum generator, or laser. The laser is a source of monochromatic coherent light with a high directivity of the light beam and a large concentration of energy.

The source of the laser beam is an optical quantum generator (OQG), whose operation is based on the principle of stimulated generation of light radiation. The working element of the laser is a ruby rod, consisting of aluminum oxide activated with 0.05% Cr. The light source for excitation of chromium atoms is a flash lamp with a radiation temperature of about 4000°C. The light of the lamp is focused by a reflector onto a ruby rod, as a result of which the chromium atoms come into an excited state. From this state, they can return to normal by emitting photons. All the energy stored in the ruby rod is released almost simultaneously in millionths of a second in the form of a beam with a diameter of about 0.01 mm. A system of optical lenses focuses the beam onto the surface of the workpiece being machined. The temperature of the beam is about 6000 - 8000°C.

Lasers have found wide application and, in particular, are used in industry for various types of material processing. Among the many fundamentally new technological processes, laser technology is one of the most promising. Thanks to the directivity and high concentration of the laser beam, it is possible to implement technological operations that are generally impossible to perform in any other way. With the help of a laser, it is possible to cut parts of the most complex configuration from any material, and with an accuracy of hundredths of a millimeter, to cut composite and ceramic materials, refractory alloys that cannot be cut at all by other methods. The laser tool is increasingly used instead of the diamond one, it is cheaper and in many cases can replace the diamond.

Main features of the program	DESCRIPTION
Code and name of the direction of training	15.03.04 Automation of technological processes and production
What is the name of the educational program (profile)	15.03.04 Automation of technological processes and production in mechanical engineering
How many budget / paid places in the 2018/2019 academic year
Target budget places
What exams need to pass	Mathematics (profile), physics, Russian language
Why add extra points?	Olympiads for schoolchildren from the list of the Ministry of Education and Science in specialized subjects: https://goo.gl/oK5ovz
Passing score for the budget in 2017
How much does it cost to study on a paid basis in 2017-18	130 000 rubles/year Order No. 12-13-1102 dated May 31, 2017
Form of study	Full-time education
What are the compulsory languages we study	English language
What additional languages are we learning?	The program does not provide free study of additional. languages. Offers for studying them on a paid basis are posted on the website: http://www.dvfu-english.ru/
Which partner companies support the program and sample projects (if any)	Dalpribor OJSC, Progress PJSC, as well as the Institute of the Far Eastern Branch took an active part in the development of the educational standard, independently established by FEFU, on the basis of which this program was developed Russian Academy Sciences – Institute of Marine Technology Problems
Where and in what positions did graduates of past years find jobs?	Graduates successfully work at modern machine-building enterprises: Varyag JSC, Dalzavod Ship Repair Center JSC, Dalpribor JSC, Izumrud JSC, Progress PJSC, Transneft Kozmino Port LLC, Askold JSC, as well as at the institutes of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Institute of Marine Technology Problems). In addition, graduates are employed in manufacturing enterprises small and medium business.
Who to contact for more information	Yurchik Fedor Dmitrievich, head of the educational program "Automation of technological processes and productions", Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Production Technologies.

Automation of technological processes and productions (in mechanical engineering). Automation of mechanical engineering Production automation in mechanical engineering

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