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Asaul an organization of entrepreneurial activity. Organization of entrepreneurial activity. Asaul A.N. Assessment of competitive positions of business entities

Ministry of General and Professional

education Russian Federation

Omsk State Service Institute

Department of Economics and Organization of Production

N. U. Kazachun, S. M. Khairova, V. L. Rachek, G. A. Dryomina

Organization entrepreneurial activity

Tutorial

Omsk -2002

Contains lecture material on the most important topics of the course. Organizational forms of business, intercompany entrepreneurship, the mechanism of contractual relations are considered. The features of the psychology and culture of entrepreneurship are shown.

Corresponds to the state educational standard and the work program of the course "Organization of entrepreneurial activity".

Designed for students of specialty 230500 - "Social and cultural service and tourism." Can be used in practical activities of entrepreneurs.

Topics 6,9,12 of the textbook were prepared by N. U. Kazachun, topics 1,2,7 - by S. M. Khairova, topics 4,8,11 - by V. L. Rachek, topics 3,5,10 - G A. Dremina.

Bibliography: 83 titles. Fig.5. App. ten.

Reviewers: Ph.D. PhD, Professor N. P. Rebrova

e. PhD, Professor V. F. Potudanskaya

e. Sc., Professor I. I. Yanovsky

Responsible for the release Department of EiOP

k. e. PhD, Professor V. L. Rachek

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..4

Topic 1. History of business development ………...6

Topic 3. Types of commercial organizations in Russia…………………………55

Topic 4. The procedure for organizing an enterprise……………………………..73

Topic 5. Features of the functioning of small businesses………………..95

Topic 6. Offshore business………………………………………………….129

Topic 7. Intra-company entrepreneurship……………………….143

Topic 8. Entrepreneurial risks……………………………………..164

Topic 9. Basics of business planning…………………………………….181

Topic 10. Contractual relations in business activities ...... 191

Topic 11. Psychology and culture of entrepreneurship…………………210

Topic 12. Evaluation of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity ... 232

Bibliographic list……………………………………………….. 247

Applications………………………………………………………………….252

INTRODUCTION

Formation and development market economy in our country objectively requires entrepreneurs to carry out their activities in accordance with market principles of functioning, the ability to quickly respond to changes in the external environment, be based on a market philosophy of management and progressive directions for organizing business activities. A special place is occupied by the processes associated with the development of the entrepreneurship system, which is a priority in a market economy and contributes to its rapid growth.

Entrepreneurial activity and the market are things inextricably linked and mutually conditioning each other. Therefore, the whole set of problems of the transition period to a market economy system, to a greater or lesser extent, is related to entrepreneurship as a phenomenon inherent in a market economy. At the same time, full-fledged market relations are impossible without the normal development of entrepreneurial activity and broad private initiative.

The movement of our country to the market is not going too smoothly. On the one hand, the inconsistency of the reforms and the instability of legislation entail an imbalance in the economy. On the other hand, the structure of the national economy is changing, a market infrastructure is being formed, and entrepreneurship is once again gaining the status of a socially useful activity.

In modern conditions, the importance of the optimal organization of entrepreneurial activity is increasing. The Russian market is a favorable environment for business ventures. Economic instability increases the risk, but at the same time increases the chances of someone who knows how to correctly assess the situation, predict losses and profits. In other words, the peculiarities of the development of the domestic economy and its transitional period necessitate the correct choice of organizational and legal forms, the ability to quickly make managerial decisions, the availability of knowledge of business technology, cultural issues, ethics and psychology of modern entrepreneurship.

The entire history of the development of market relations is inextricably linked with integration into world economic relations. Currently, Russia is at the stage of negotiations on joining the World Trade Organization, which should mark the transition to a higher quality level of world economic relations which will affect not only the state of the country's economy as a whole, but also the development of entrepreneurship within the framework of this process.

All of the above indicates that there is an objective need to understand and study the essence and role of entrepreneurship for the Russian economy.

The textbook contains lecture material on the most important topics of the discipline "Organization of Entrepreneurship" for students of economic specialties. The content of the manual is structured into several logically connected blocks of information. In the first topics of the manual, the history and content of entrepreneurial activity are considered, and the functions of an entrepreneur are identified. The next stage is the consideration of procedural issues related to the creation of enterprises of various organizational and legal forms. Consideration of the role of small enterprises in a market economy, which are the most important business entities, occupies a great place. In addition to the traditional types of commercial enterprises in the manual, a place is given to the consideration of offshore business.

Several topics of the training manual are devoted to consideration of the factors influencing the practical functioning of commercial enterprises and entrepreneurs. These include analysis and methods for overcoming entrepreneurial risks, the correct execution of contractual relations, compliance with the rules of psychology and business ethics. The final part of the manual provides various methods for making economic decisions and ways to assess the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

As world experience shows, the more opportunities for the class of entrepreneurs to expand their activities, the higher are the rates of development of the national economy. Under these conditions, a very significant factor is the provision of favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity in the country.

A comprehensive consideration of the problems of entrepreneurship and the search for ways to solve them make it possible to organize entrepreneurial activity more effectively.

federal agency of Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Yaroslavl State Technical University"

Department of "Enterprise Management"

Job protected

with grade ________________ Teacher

L.A. Tanyakina

"___" _______________2008

Individual entrepreneurship.

Control work on discipline

“Organization of entrepreneurial activity”

YAGTU 080502.65–002 KR

Work completed

student gr. DEUS-38v

Yu.N. Berillo “____”__________2008

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3

2. The concept of entrepreneurship .................................................... ...................….5

3. Individual entrepreneurs……………………………..…………..7

4. Advantages and disadvantages of individual entrepreneurship ... 12

5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..15

6. References…………………………………………………………….17

Introduction

Starting from the end of the 80s, first in the USSR, then in Russia, there was a rapid development of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a type of activity that has the following features:

The main motive of this activity is to make a profit;

Freedom and autonomy of decision-making by the entrepreneur;

Independence, expressed in the personal risk and responsibility of the entrepreneur.

An entrepreneur is a person engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurs are part of a special stratum of society - the business stratum. Business layer - general concept, uniting all Russians, to one degree or another employed in business, from classic entrepreneurs to employees, in free time also trying to "make money". This layer covers the entire set of subjects of productive, commercial and financial activities carried out on the basis of autonomously made decisions and for the purpose of making a profit.

This layer is far from homogeneous in composition. It includes several main business groups:

Entrepreneurs - private owners of predominantly small enterprises and firms, personally managing the latter, not combining this activity with work for hire;

Self-employed - persons engaged in the smallest business on the basis of individual labor activity with the help of own funds production;

Businessmen-managers - hired directors of small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly in the joint-stock and private sectors of the economy, combining managerial work for hire with running their own business;

Semi-entrepreneurs - employees, mainly in the private sector of the economy, who do not perform managerial functions and combine their main work with certain types of entrepreneurship;

Managers-co-owners - economic managers of small and medium-sized joint-stock enterprises, who are employed, but at the same time have blocks of shares in managed enterprises;

- "classical" managers - business leaders who manage public or private enterprises on a hired basis.

If we consider their age range, we can distinguish the following patterns:

Large entrepreneurs: 40% of them became entrepreneurs at the age of 31 to 40, 18% - from 41 to 45.

Small and medium-sized entrepreneurs: about 30% of them became entrepreneurs not older than 30 years old, 30-40% - from 30 to 40 years old and about 30% - over 40 years old.

In the world, business has always been a predominantly male occupation. In Russia, the proportion of male entrepreneurs reaches 83%.

The most characteristic feature that distinguishes Russian entrepreneurs is their level of education. According to various surveys, the proportion of people with higher education among entrepreneurs exceeds 80%. Among large entrepreneurs, the proportion of people with a Ph.D. is almost 38%, with a second higher education - 6.5%. If we compare these data with the level of education of entrepreneurs in other countries, it turns out that the Russian entrepreneur is the most intelligent entrepreneur.

Now in Russia the opinion prevails that the main qualities of an entrepreneur are initiative, resourcefulness, energy and good organizational skills.

The development of entrepreneurship in Russia takes place in rather unfavorable conditions for the formation of a layer of civilized businessmen. They are under the pressure of taxes and racketeering, a kind of tax. But, in spite of everything, Russian entrepreneurs are gradually gaining a firm position on the world stage, and for sure after some period of time they will be in the lead, since in terms of their qualities they not only do not lag behind, but are in many ways ahead of their Western counterparts.

The concept of entrepreneurship.

"Business is an exciting game in which maximum excitement is combined with a minimum of rules" - Bill Gates.

Civil law defines entrepreneurship as an independent activity of a natural or legal entity carried out by him at his own risk and aimed at systematic obtaining profits from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services (clause 1, article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Legal scholars rightly point out that the definition given by the legislator does not fully reveal the concept of entrepreneurial activity and does not allow distinguishing entrepreneurship from other types of activity. According to the logic of this definition, educational, scientific, cultural activities (systematic reading of paid lectures, publication of articles, writing paintings for sale, etc.) and many other types of social activity that are traditionally not considered entrepreneurship can be classified as entrepreneurial. It is no coincidence that employees of the state apparatus, judges of people's and arbitration courts are prohibited from doing business, but they are allowed to engage in scientific, teaching and creative activities. At the same time, according to Article 48 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", individual labor pedagogical activity with the receipt of income is recognized as entrepreneurial and is subject to state registration. Consequently, entrepreneurship is any activity that is recognized as such by law and is carried out by a certain circle of persons in accordance with established rules.

Sole proprietorships are the simplest and most common organizational form for small businesses. Sole proprietorship is small firm, the owner of which is also its chief employee. Usually he does not pursue far-reaching goals. He is satisfied with his business, in which he plays the role of an employee, an accountant, and a coordinator - a manager. An individual enterprise belongs to one owner, is managed by him independently and is the main source of income for him.

According to Vladimir Dahl, "An entrepreneur is an enterprising trader, capable of enterprises, large turnovers, a brave, decisive, courageous person of this kind." The entrepreneurial function is the business of a private business person. However, not every business person is an entrepreneur. From a socio-economic point of view, an entrepreneur is a type of "upstart". He is a revolutionary in the economy, an unwitting initiator of social and political revolutions. “To be an entrepreneur is to do things differently than others do. An entrepreneur is deprived of traditions” - (I. Schumpeter). He must have a specific set of qualities: common sense, constancy, knowledge of people, management talent. The entrepreneur uses his organizational, managerial abilities for only one purpose - to make a profit. Therefore, in life, citizens who engage in commerce occasionally, without any documents giving them the right to engage in this activity, call themselves entrepreneurs, for example, persons reselling imported goods. If a citizen engages in such activities occasionally, without pursuing profit, he cannot be regarded as an entrepreneur and should not be registered as such.

The Russian Law "On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activity" of 1991 secured the right of citizens to conduct entrepreneurial activities both individually, but without using hired labor, and creating enterprises with the involvement of employees. Such citizens were registered as individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity. The current Civil Code of the Russian Federation calls such citizens individual entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial legal personality is a measure of possible ownership in the field of entrepreneurial activity, i.e. a measure of freedom of action of the entrepreneur within the framework of the current legislation.

Business entities can be various participants in economic activity:

Individuals in sole proprietorships (individual) and family enterprises; groups of people linked by contractual obligations and economic interests in partnerships, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, etc.

In some cases, the subject of entrepreneurship is the state represented by its economic organizations. But in a number of countries, the entrepreneurial activity of civil servants is prohibited.

Therefore, we can say that there are three forms of entrepreneurship: private, collective and public.

Individual entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial activity of a citizen without the formation of a legal entity has a number of features.

According to paragraph 1 of article 23 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an individual acquires the status of an individual entrepreneur from the moment of his state registration. The Law provides that the rules governing the activities of commercial legal entities are applied to the entrepreneurial activities of citizens carried out without the formation of a legal entity. An entrepreneur can make any transactions not prohibited by law, conclude contracts, including employment and contract agreements with employees and contractors, open accounts with credit institutions and manage the funds on them, and perform other actions.

However, many people often forget that in terms of their legal status, an individual entrepreneur is primarily a citizen, an individual. Therefore, the rules established for commercial legal entities apply to the entrepreneurial activities of citizens only insofar as otherwise does not follow from legal acts or the essence of the relationship.

It should be borne in mind that an individual entrepreneur is allowed to own only property that citizens are entitled to possess. Unlike a legal entity, he, as a citizen, can inherit and bequeath his property. He has the opportunity to work in public and private organizations, to engage in any legal activity, if only this position or work is allowed to be combined with entrepreneurship.

In accordance with the procedure established by law, an individual entrepreneur, as an ordinary citizen, may be limited in legal capacity by a court decision (for example, when the court prohibits him from engaging in certain activities), legal capacity, recognized as incapacitated, missing or dead with all the ensuing consequences.

Currently, the state is taking measures aimed at supporting small businesses, including individual entrepreneurs, who should be provided with preferential loans, production and technological, information and personnel assistance. In particular, a simplified taxation regime has been established for individual entrepreneurs. Individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity acquire an annual patent, the cost of which is transferred to the relevant budget. In addition, they are exempt from value added tax.

Before legal entities, individual entrepreneurs have other advantages granted to them as citizens by separate legal acts. For example, which is very important in small cities or towns, individual entrepreneurs who carry out business activities within their own residential building (when using part of this house for production workshops) and do not use hired labor, pay for electricity, including for production needs, according to tariffs set for the population.

Creditors of an individual entrepreneur who have claims related to his commercial activities, have a priority right to satisfy claims over other creditors of this citizen. An individual entrepreneur who is unable to pay the debts associated with his entrepreneurial activity may be declared insolvent (bankrupt) by a court decision. From the moment the court makes such a decision, the registration of a citizen as an entrepreneur becomes invalid. After completion of settlements with creditors, an entrepreneur declared bankrupt is released from the fulfillment of the remaining obligations that have arisen in connection with his entrepreneurial activity. At the same time, he is also released from debts not related to commercial activities, if these debts were presented and taken into account during the procedure for declaring him bankrupt.

Debts of a citizen-entrepreneur not related to commercial activities and not declared in the process of his bankruptcy, as well as claims of a personal nature, for example, claims of citizens to whom he is liable for harm caused to life or health, remain valid.

Managers and chief accountants of small businesses, individual entrepreneurs are faced with the need to keep track of a huge number of constantly changing regulatory documents. Missing any of them means exposing yourself to the risk of huge penalties, which are established not only by the current legislation, but also by numerous decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

A citizen who carries out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity and who has not passed state registration is not entitled to refer, in relation to transactions concluded by him, to the fact that he is not an entrepreneur. The court may apply to such transactions the rules established for obligations arising from entrepreneurial activity (clause 4, article 23 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). All disputes involving citizens, including entrepreneurs, not registered in the prescribed manner, are considered by the People's Court of General Jurisdiction.

Everything is not as good as it seems. According to all surveys, the main barrier for all entrepreneurs is still an administrative barrier, i.e. an official who interferes. Violations commit municipal authorities, antitrust laws. Most often, municipal officials encroach on competition. They strive to create advantages for one or two economic entities in the territory under their jurisdiction, thus forming a monopoly, with all the ensuing consequences. In the capital of the Sverdlovsk region, a conference "The main directions of development of small enterprises in the Sverdlovsk region for the period up to 2015" was held. On which conclusions were drawn: the problem of the formation of the tax system, flaws, which, as it was believed a year and a half ago, basically hindered the development of entrepreneurship, have now receded into the background. Now the topical issue is the so-called debureaucratization of the domestic economy. We are talking about the elimination of administrative barriers (laws often help to put these barriers in front of business) and simplification of the control and supervisory process. For this purpose, federal laws on state registration of legal entities and on licensing were adopted. However, the desired results have not been obtained, the development of entrepreneurship has not accelerated. There is Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 29, 1998 N 730 "On measures to eliminate administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship." But few follow them.

Licensing of enterprises forces you to go through 20-30 instances and obtain a license, by no means free of charge, 50-90 approvals.

Interview with Irina Khakamada on business economics. “... The next article is the coercion of the entrepreneur to voluntary spending. It’s like they don’t order anything to you, but if you don’t finance a holiday in honor of the Governor in the region and don’t invest a lot of money there, then the next day the tax police will come to you, or the police, or I don’t know what yet, but in any case, the enterprise will suffer huge losses. And, finally, personal offerings to officials of various levels, first of all, when leasing real estate and obtaining land plots. This is the most corrupt area to which, despite federal laws, there is no access, not a single open competition is held in any province. Most of the property is in the hands of regional and local authorities. The latest estimates put these offerings at $33 billion a year. The entire federal budget is 60-65 billion at high prices, and at low prices, as it was in 1998, 35-40 billion. in the final assessment, it turns out that almost the entire federal budget, the second budget of the country, through bribery and unlimited corruption, lies in the pockets of officials. How can you talk about special programs after such figures? Of course this is a good thing, as in America. I know that there are special agencies there and there is a huge help from the state. The same in Japan, etc. Everything is turning into bureaucratic chaos. This, of course, can be done, but it will be the third, probably the fourth thing. And most importantly, remove excessive power from the market and simplify, indeed, the system of reporting, taxes, etc. and provide access to credit resources. And then special programs.

Law "On Licensing Certain Types of Activities". Simplification of licensing is introduced. 27% believe that the law worsened the situation, 76% did not change it. What does this mean? We reduced the types of activities subject to mandatory licensing to 104 and made the list closed. No one has the right to introduce new types of licensing, because it is closed by the Federal Law. What is being done locally? Under the guise of checks, writing out new, other documents, the departments are actually engaged in quasi-licensing. Changes in rental rates for state real estate. There is no access to real estate - this is the second problem. This means that the first problem for business is the above, and the second is the lack of access to fixed assets. Well, an enterprise cannot work if it does not have a building. So, a farmer cannot grow anything if he has no land. So, even an expert group of scientists who have decided to engage in consulting cannot even start a small business, they still need a place. And lastly, the lack of credit resources. We do not have alternative institutions for obtaining loans. I've been fighting for 10 years, I can't solve this problem in any way. I mean the creation of credit unions of legal entities, insurance unions of legal entities, when their functions are not subject to insurance tax within this mutual benefit fund and there is no need to obtain a banking license. The Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation against. They believe that this is money laundering. This is not correct, because money laundering occurs and so it is safe offshore. 50% of the economy is in the gray economy, i.e. I have the impression that the state stubbornly does not want to legalize the existing financial capital in Russia. I am sure that in Russia we just swim for money. You have no idea how much money there is in the country, your own, domestic money. And they are all in the gray economy or in the pockets of officials.”

What hinders small business (official-entrepreneur relations)

NUMBER OF REVIEWS

% RELATIONS

The approval system is too cumbersome

Constant changes in the requirements and conditions for obtaining documents

The disinterest of officials in the prompt receipt of documentation

Deliberately “slowing down” the process of obtaining documents

Lack of skills in obtaining documents from employees of enterprises

Objective reasons that do not depend on the structures issuing documents

Do not experience problems in obtaining documents

Documents mean licenses, certificates and other documents when organizing an enterprise.

Advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship.

"Today's news is usually too true to be good" - unknown journalist.

Small businesses as subjects of a market economy have both advantages and disadvantages. Analyzing foreign and domestic experience in the development of individual entrepreneurship, we can point out the following advantages:

faster adaptation to local business conditions;

greater independence of actions of small businesses;

flexibility and efficiency in making and implementing decisions;

relatively low costs, especially management costs;

a great opportunity for the individual to realize his ideas, to show his abilities;

lower capital requirements and the ability to quickly introduce product and production changes in response to local market demands;

relatively higher turnover of own capital;

simplified accounting of business activities of the enterprise;

the concentration of the entire amount of profits in one hand - the owner of the enterprise, etc.

Thus, the report of the International Labor Office notes that small and medium-sized enterprises have significant competitive advantages, often require less capital investment per employee compared to large enterprises, and make extensive use of local material and labor resources. Owners of small businesses are more inclined to save and invest, they always have a high level of personal motivation in achieving success, which has a positive effect on the overall performance of the enterprise. Small business entities know better the level of demand in local (local) markets, often goods are produced by order of specific consumers, provide livelihood to more people than large enterprises, thereby contributing to the training of professional workers and the dissemination of practical knowledge. Small and medium-sized enterprises in comparison with large ones in some countries occupy a dominant position, both in number and in terms of specific gravity in the production of goods, performance of works, provision of services. At the same time, small businesses also have certain disadvantages, among which the most significant should be highlighted:

higher level of risk, therefore a high degree of market volatility;

dependence on large companies;

deficiencies in case management;

weak competence of managers;

increased sensitivity to changes in business conditions;

difficulties in attracting additional financial resources and obtaining loans;

uncertainty and caution of business partners when concluding agreements (contracts)

property liability extends to all property of the entrepreneur, including personal (house, car, cottage, etc.). The most significant drawback, according to the owners. And etc.

Of course, the shortcomings and failures in the activities of small businesses are determined by both internal and external causes, the conditions for the functioning of small enterprises.

Experience shows that most of the failures of small firms are due to managerial inexperience or professional incompetence of the owners of private firms.

A firm's chances of success increase as it matures. Firms with a single owner for a long time tend to generate higher and more stable returns than firms that change owners frequently.

American statistics show that women - owners of small businesses are more successful in business than men. In the course of research, it is noted that those small entrepreneurs who work hard, but at the same time do not go beyond common sense in their activities, succeed.

The low qualification of entrepreneurs affects the failures of small businesses. Entrepreneurs who have already accumulated experience in doing business in small firms, as a rule, are more successful. If more than one person is involved in the management of the firm, but the entrepreneurial team consists of two, three or four people, the chances of survival are higher, since collective decision-making is more professional. The size of financing at the first stage also affects the survivability of small firms. The more initial capital invested in the company, the more opportunities for its preservation in times of crisis.

The constant search for emerging and disappearing social needs and continuous adaptation to them form the basis of the small business strategy.

For the economy as a whole, the activity of small companies is an important factor in increasing its flexibility. According to the level of development of small businesses, experts even judge the country's ability to adapt to a changing economic environment. Despite the difficulties and failures, small business is developing, gaining momentum, solving economic, social, scientific and technical problems.

As a rule, the development of small business is a condition for solving the following problems:

the formation of competitive, civilized market relations that contribute to a better satisfaction of the needs of the population and society;

expanding the range and improving the quality of goods, works, services. In an effort to meet the needs of consumers, small business contributes to improving the quality of goods, works, services and service culture;

bringing the production of goods and services closer to specific consumers;

promotion of economic restructuring. Small business gives the economy flexibility, mobility, maneuverability;

attraction of personal funds of the population for the development of production.

creation of additional jobs, reduction of unemployment;

promoting more efficient use of the creative potential of people, the disclosure of their talents, the development of various types of crafts, folk crafts;

involvement in labor activity of certain groups of the population for which large-scale production imposes certain restrictions (housewives, pensioners, the disabled, students);

formation of a social layer of owners, owners, entrepreneurs;

activation of scientific and technological progress;

development and use of local sources of raw materials 11 waste of large industries;

assistance to large enterprises through the manufacture and supply of components and equipment, the creation of auxiliary and service industries;

liberation of the state from low-profit and unprofitable enterprises due to their lease and redemption.

Conclusion.

Individual entrepreneurship - the simplest and most affordable form of business.

The advantages of this form of business are the availability and ease of organizing the business. To organize a business, you only need to obtain a license or a patent and legalize the business that you decide to do. No other conditions are required. There is no need to develop a charter, there is no need to draw up other legal documents. It is also important here that an individual entrepreneur has freedom in making decisions, he does not depend on anyone. With this form, the individual abilities of the entrepreneur are revealed to the maximum, since the features of both the entrepreneur, the manager, and at the same time the owner are combined and realized here. This form of business allows you to keep the secrets of production technology, because they are known to a very limited number of people. It should also be noted that the costs of such production are not high. It is necessary to keep in mind the flexibility and adaptability with which individual entrepreneurs conduct business. They are easier to adapt to the needs of consumers, thereby increasing the competitiveness of their products.

However, individual business has certain difficulties and difficulties. First of all, individual production is characterized by the difficulty of attracting additional capital. Such a manufacturer cannot get a large loan, and there is no way to attract investors with their own capital. Of course, if the business is profitable, you can use part of your own profits to expand the business, but even this is not enough for rapid growth. Therefore, if an entrepreneur decides to expand his grandfather, he switches to other forms of entrepreneurial activity.

For individual entrepreneurship, one should also take into account the uncertainty of the timing of doing business: even if the business flourishes, it can quickly stop after the death of the owner or under other unforeseen circumstances (fire, flood, etc.).

A sole proprietor does not always have management skills; as a result, a number of links in the economic activity of such a business turn out to be weak, and production fails at a certain stage. There is no possibility for such enterprises to hire skilled labor and pay for it. Everyone is talking about individual business profitable in a new business, requires innovation, then you should move to other forms of business.

The sole owner-merchant, like any businessman, has the right to create his own organization, acquire the property rights he needs, use the advantage of other commercial structures, entrepreneurs or enterprises, if this is stipulated by the agreement. Hire and fire workers, open bank accounts and receive loans, freely dispose of the profits received from commercial activities after payment of income tax, carry out foreign exchange transactions, etc. If, for one reason or another, his rights are infringed, he can apply to the court with a claim against the relevant bodies, persons, enterprises and organizations.

Termination of activities can occur either by the decision of the merchant himself, or by a court decision if the latter declares him bankrupt, or if a violation by the merchant of the current legislation has been recorded and proven.

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    • G.L. Bagiev, A.N. Asaul
    Organization of entrepreneurial activity
    Tutorial
    Saint Petersburg State University economy and finance

    The basics of entrepreneurial activity are considered. Special attention given to the essence, place, types and forms of entrepreneurship in the economy, marketing as a philosophy and tools of entrepreneurship, organization of business planning. The methodological bases for the formation and analysis of costs, as well as the principles and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity are given.
    For students of economic universities studying in the specialty "Marketing". The manual is an electronic version of the book: Bagiev G.L., Asaul A.N. Organization of entrepreneurial activity. Textbook / Under the general editorship. prof. G.L. Bagieva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2001. 231 p. Content1. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS PLACE IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY

    1.2. Intercompany Entrepreneurship
    1.3. Entrepreneurial culture
    Assignments and literature2. TYPES AND FORMS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
    2.1. Typology of enterprises
    2.2. Commercial organizations
    2.3. Factors influencing the choice of type of enterprise
    Assignments and literature3. MARKETING PHILOSOPHY AND TOOLS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
    3.1. Principles, types, types and forms of marketing
    3.2. Interaction Marketing - modern concept entrepreneurship
    3.3. Marketing complex and marketing management in the system of entrepreneurship
    Assignments and literature4. BUSINESS PLANNING
    4.1. Business planning system
    4.2. Planning the product range depending on the volume of output
    4.3. Planning and organization of public procurement
    Assignments and literature5. ORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE
    5.1. Enterprise Finance
    5.2. Financial management in the enterprise
    Assignments and literature6. COSTS OF THE ENTERPRISE
    6.1. Cost factors, their structure and classification
    6.2. Cost control and analysis
    6.3. Organization of cost accounting and cost formation in small enterprises
    6.4. Cost management system in entrepreneurial activity
    Assignments and literature7. ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
    7.1. Approaches to assessing the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity
    7.2. Principles and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity
    Assignments and literatureCHAPTER 1. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS PLACE IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY1.1. The content of entrepreneurial activity Entrepreneurship as a process of organizing the production of goods and services to meet constantly renewed demand and profit, as well as a function of managing this process, has its own history and development dynamics. In Roman law, "entrepreneurship" was seen as an occupation, business, activity, especially commercial. The terminological essence and content invested in the concept of "entrepreneurship" have changed and streamlined in the process of development of economic theory . A fairly simple and very capacious definition of entrepreneurship is given by V.I. Dal. In particular, he writes that “undertaking” means “starting, deciding to do some new business, starting to do something significant”: hence “entrepreneur” - “undertaking” something. It is generally accepted that one of the first who became seriously interested in entrepreneurship was A. Smith. However, ten years before him R. Cantillon dealt with these problems very intensively. It was he who formulated the thesis according to which the discrepancies between supply and demand in the market enable individual subjects of market relations to buy goods cheaper and sell them more expensive. It was he who called these market participants entrepreneurs ("entrepreneur" - translated from French as "intermediary"). In modern economic literature, there is no clear definition of the essence of entrepreneurship. In most cases, the essence of this phenomenon is replaced by the purpose of entrepreneurial activity. So, for example, in the "Big Economic Dictionary" under the general editorship of A.N. Azrilyana gives the following definition: "Entrepreneurship is an initiative independent activity citizens, aimed at obtaining profit or personal income, carried out on their own behalf, under their property responsibility or on behalf and under the legal responsibility of a legal entity" . Unfortunately, this approach dominates today in Russia and is enshrined in our legislation, in particular, in the law “On State Support for Small Business in the Russian Federation” , Civil Code Russian Federation, etc., in the works of domestic scientists dealing with the problem of entrepreneurship. According to modern Russian legislation Entrepreneurial activity (or entrepreneurship) is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematic profit from the use of property - the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services, by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law . However, this definition is not complete. Entrepreneurship can be defined from various perspectives, such as: • activities aimed at maximizing profits; initiative activity of citizens, which consists in the development of goods and services aimed at making a profit; a direct function of the realization of property, its main production function; The process of organizational innovation in order to generate profit; · actions aimed at increasing capital, developing production and appropriating profits; · a specific type of activity aimed at the tireless search for changes in the existing forms of life of enterprises and society, the constant implementation of these changes. Most practitioners and researchers focus on making a profit, considering it as the ultimate goal of entrepreneurship. However, entrepreneurship has as its ultimate goal not so much profit as the continuity of the reproduction process associated with the reproduction of demand and the satisfaction of the constantly changing, ever-increasing needs of the individual or social group, society as a whole. In this regard, entrepreneurship is more correctly defined as a process of continuous search for changes in needs, demand end user for products and services, satisfying this need through the organization of production, marketing, logistics, management, focused on the best innovations that bring maximum productivity at each stage of the reproduction process. In this definition, the emphasis is not on profit maximization, but on the consumer. , on his needs, the satisfaction of which thanks to high level business organization and can bring maximum profit. Entrepreneurship is not just any business, it is a style of management that is characterized by the principles of innovation, anti-bureaucracy, constant initiative, orientation towards innovations in the processes of production, marketing, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Whereas business is a reproductive activity in the sphere of organization, production, distribution and sale of goods and services without innovation, without initiative in development innovation processes. This is the implementation or organization from year to year of the same production, marketing, distribution or other activities within the framework of proven technologies, norms and rules to meet existing needs. The content of entrepreneurship, the boundaries of its implementation are closely related to the forms and types of entrepreneurial activity (Table 1.1). In accordance with the accepted structure of the reproduction process (production, exchange, distribution, consumption), four main areas of entrepreneurship are distinguished: production, commercial, financial and consumption. Other types of entrepreneurial activities, such as innovation, marketing, are included in the four main areas of entrepreneurship. Table 1.1 Classification of entrepreneurial activities

    Classification signs

    Characteristics of entrepreneurial activity

    activities

    Production

    a commercial

    Financial

    consumption

    By organizational and legal status

    Without formation of a legal entity

    company

    Farming

    Limited Liability Company

    Small business

    Mixed partnership

    Closed or open joint stock company

    joint venture

    In relation to property

    Individual (without the use of hired labor)

    State

    By number of owners

    individual, private

    Family

    Collective

    Mixed, joint

    By scale of production and number of employees

    Small business

    Medium enterprise

    big enterprise

    On a territorial basis

    Rural, district

    City, regional

    Regional, national

    foreign

    By industry

    Construction, textile

    Metalworking, mining

    Food, shipbuilding

    Energy, transport, communications
    The evolution of the terminological, content essence of an entrepreneur and entrepreneurial activity is connected with the history of the formation of the exchange, production and distribution of goods and services, with the level of development of scientific and technological progress (Table 1.2).

    Chapter 2 Entrepreneurial network - a form of organization of inter-firm interaction of business entities

    2.4. Innovative entrepreneurial networks: technology parks, policies

    The introduction of technology parks into the global business environment defines a qualitatively new approach to the conditions for the implementation and provision of business processes and the creation of a favorable environment in which scientific ideas turn into unique scientific and technical products and make another breakthrough in the field of new technologies.

    Any city or region is always interested in expanding knowledge-intensive industries, in a stable pace of development of scientific and technical potential, increasing the number of jobs, creating industrial and social infrastructures, supporting active entrepreneurial activity and constantly stimulating the development of science in the region. All this contributes to the provision of a scientific and technological park in the region.

    In foreign practice, the concept of "science and technology park" is used as a general definition of a powerful innovation structure. These include research centers and parks, idea incubators, science parks, innovation centers, centers of excellence, technology centers and parks, technology policies. All of them form the basis of specialized innovative associations that have been created in the leading industrial regions of the world.

    In industrial developed countries(USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, etc.) the network of technoparks is widely developed. An entrepreneur does not need to build his own production facilities, they can be rented and, having placed the necessary equipment there, produce products and receive advice on the introduction of new technologies based on the developed scientific ideas. Technoparks assist educational and scientific organizations in the transfer of technology to the economy, in the creation of new types of industries and new jobs.

    The scheme of participation in technoparks is quite simple. Any company can take on the functions of a technopark manager or obtain the status of a territory development agent, obtain permission from the administration. Then it is necessary to carry out engineering preparation of the territory, since the sites separated for technoparks are located in areas where there are no sufficient energy capacities, and engineering networks are also weak. The next step will be the construction of facilities for the creation of industrial companies. Each organization wishing to set up its own production can request for itself an engineered site, on which a “custom-made” plant will be built and leased. A slightly different option is also possible. The finished territory will be divided into lots, the leasehold right for which will then be sold at an open auction.

    Technoparks are special organizational form integration of science, education and production. They are:

    Scientific (basic research);

    Research (R&D, small-scale production of science-intensive products);

    Scientific, technical and technological (applied research and development, serial production of science-intensive products using high technologies);

    Combined, containing elements of the first three types.

    Of course, this division is conditional, since in practice a combination of the above features is often observed.

    Technoparks can be both commercial and non-commercial organizations, are created in any organizational and legal form permitted by law and are registered as a legal entity.

    Let us give examples of developed world-class technology parks.

    Manchester Science Park, UK.

    The co-owners of the Manchester Science Park are Manchester City Council, the University of Manchester, Jeba-Jeji, Ferranti, Fothergill and Highway and Granada Television Limited. The Science Park is also supported by Manchester Business School, Manchester Polytechnic Institute, Stanford University.

    The Manchester Science Park began operating in 1984. It is located next to one of the largest scientific and educational centers in Western Europe and has ample opportunities for technological support. The park was created to stimulate entrepreneurial activity in knowledge-intensive industries and the development of the region's economy by using the scientific potential of Manchester universities and other research centers. The park is based on companies created by scientists and employees of the university - the authors of innovations or specialists who are developing on the basis of cooperation with its research teams. The park should provide comprehensive support to small companies, provide them with the necessary services, and place them in specially equipped production buildings. The Science Park has 15.5 acres of land on a long-term lease from Manchester City Council.

    In the first stage of the creation of the park, Enterprise House offers companies multi-section premises on a rent basis. The other part of the science park is developing both on the basis of multi-sectional structures and at the expense of buildings built by order of individual companies.

    The Science Park provides companies with a number of public services, which include: reception and control of the fleet of vehicles; telex; internal telephones in each section with links to the University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Hospital, dental school and regional computer centre; computer connection of each section with the university; internal postal communication with the university; hall for conferences and analysis of business activities of companies.

    The company's management services include:

    Collaboration with the Manchester City Industrial Development Board and the Corporation economic development Greater Manchester, which are able to provide various types of grants or financial assistance;

    Seeking the support of the park company from the Walknorth Fund, which can provide loans and risk capital ranging from £10,000 to £100,000;

    Advice and support to the Center for Urban and Regional Industrial Development;

    Direct contact with the local department of trade and industry, which can provide regional selective assistance;

    Direct contact and collaboration with Manchester risk capital banks and finance companies.

    For new avant-garde projects, companies can be provided with regional selective assistance. This is regulated by the city council's local department of commerce and industry. Credits, loans, subsidies, especially those provided on favorable terms, require careful justification by companies and recommendations from an expert council.

    Technological interaction can take many forms, including scientific business advice, licensing new technology, support and expertise of research projects, equipment rental, implementation of student work. To assist companies and research teams of the university and other universities, an automated information bank is being formed with the developments of university scientists, and a bureau of services for scientific consultations has been organized.

    The university provides companies with other types of services related to the use of a library, a computer center, a sports base, an audio-video center, a publishing house, and clubs. University classrooms for seminars, conferences, business meetings are provided to science park companies at a significant discount. This also applies to theatrical performances. In addition to the structures of the university, which were created in the interests of interaction with the innovative organizations of the park, a number of industrial sections operate on its basis, created large organizations Manchester to coordinate research and development. Established by the University of Manchester with support from the National Westminster Bank, the center has built a databank of the University's scientific and technical expertise and facilities. It also provides companies with market analysis data, sources of financial support, editing of business plans. The Center has established direct links with other agencies established to assist start-ups and existing organizations.

    Orleans Technology Park, France.

    Orleans is located in the center of France, an hour from Paris and is the financial and administrative capital of the region. A large number of national and international companies are located in Orleans due to the development of dynamic economic processes there and links with the university and research centers. Orleans is well known for its scientific activities in a variety of fields, especially in biotechnology, energy, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and robotics.

    The Orléans Technological Park also includes the Innovation Center, which serves as a link between the region's research centers and industry for the exchange of experience and advanced technology developments. The Innovation Center offers laboratories and research sites to companies on a short-term lease basis.

    The Orleans Technological Park is the basis for the creation of the Europark, a specialized organization that offers companies and investors a package of documents on the structure, management and maintenance of science parks, innovation and technology centers.

    The idea of ​​the Europark as an organizational, methodological and information center for the development of territorial scientific, technical and production systems, scientific technological parks in France and European countries has a significant impact on the acceleration innovation activities and the restructuring of manufacturing in developing countries driven by the technological revolution.

    The effectiveness of the functioning of science and technology parks has been proven by the long-term practice of their activities in many developed countries and the benefits that organizations, educational institutions and authorities can receive from their location in a certain territory, and which can be used in domestic practice.

    Significant is a certain experience in creating technology parks in Russia, where the All-Russian Association "Technopark" has been created. The main goal of creating the association is to assist in the identification and formation of priority areas of innovation; implementation of scientific and technical innovative projects and programs in various fields of science and technology; solution of socio-economic problems of the regions through the creation of small science-intensive high-tech industries.

    The main area of ​​work is scientific, methodological and organizational support for scientific and technical parks (technoparks), innovation centers and business incubators. Several such technoparks have been created in Russia: Tomsk, Ufimsk, Science Park of Moscow State University, Zelenogradsk, Saratov, Technological Park MEPhI, Technopark of St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University.

    In St. Petersburg, a program has been developed for placing a network of technology parks in urban areas - a kind of industrial zones, in which industrial production and a variety of infrastructure facilities that provide a normal business process (hotels, office centers, customs terminals, logistics centers, etc.), with mandatory security and unified information networks. The organization of a technopark also implies providing business with consultants of various profiles: lawyers, specialists in financial matters and etc.

    Among the main reasons for the creation of fully infrastructure-provided industrial territories is the desire of large Western companies to actively promote their products in Russian market. Not the least of the reasons is the availability of relatively cheap labor in the region. In addition, the favorable geographical position of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region makes convenient both the delivery of components and the establishment of a sales system for finished products.

    In St. Petersburg, the schemes for the construction of the North-Western Technopark (industrial zone on Kubinskaya St.) and Novo-Park (on Rzhevka) are at the stage of legal registration, where management companies will maintain the operation of engineering networks and communications, monitor the condition of roads, organize the work of service departments (factory-kitchen, car service, hotel and business complex, enterprises for tailoring, repairing, washing work clothes), to protect the technopark. It is planned to place 4–5 large factories with a total volume of 200 million dollars (light engineering, welding production, electronics), a business center, centers for patent-licensing services and technical translations. A furniture technopark is being formed (the volume of investments is about 4 billion rubles, the payback period is 6 years), where there will be not only the production of furniture, board materials, accessories, but also wooden housing construction. It is also planned to create a single showroom for all participants, which will allow them to reduce the cost of promoting products to the consumer. The relevance of creating technoparks is evidenced by their development programs in other regions (for example, in the Leningrad region).

    Thus, the main goal of the activities of science and technology parks and the tasks that such structures face are:

    Assistance financial support innovative activities of business structures, stimulation of development and production of fundamentally new high-tech products, assistance in the introduction of new technologies and inventions into practice;

    Promoting public policy on the formation of market relations in the scientific and technical sphere by supporting the development of infrastructure for small innovative entrepreneurship, encouraging competition by attracting free financial resources for their targeted, effective use in the framework of the implementation of programs (projects) to create the production of science-intensive products;

    Participation in the development, examination and competitive selection of local, regional and sectoral programs that would ensure the demonopolization of the processes of creating and mastering new technologies, saturating the market with competitive goods developed on their basis;

    Involvement on a competitive basis of small businesses, domestic and foreign investors in the implementation of state scientific and technical programs and projects;

    Support for the development and implementation of new technologies, as well as "know-how" using patents and licenses.

    The experience of Russia and other countries shows that in areas where technology parks operate, the population has the following advantages:

    The possibility of employment of the population increases with the increase in the number of jobs;

    Increasing the supply of high-quality goods;

    As income increases, the standard of living rises;

    The level of the social environment and social security is rising;

    The educational and intellectual level of the population is increasing.

    With the advent of technoparks, the assets of the authorities are increasing:

    New opportunities are opening up in planning and coordinating regional innovation policy;

    The use of high-tech resources of local importance is expanding;

    The place of the territory in the interregional and international division of labor is improving;

    The economic situation is improving;

    Reduced budget costs associated with unemployment;

    rises business activity in the region, budget revenues are increasing;

    Regional infrastructure is being developed.

    With the advent of science and technology parks, new opportunities open up for educational and scientific institutions:

    The technical and organizational base for conducting scientific research is expanding and changing;

    Business initiative is activated scientists, which opens up an additional source of income (income) for universities;

    Opportunities for attracting and educating scientific personnel, opening new scientific schools are expanding;

    A new generation of scientists is being brought up who are well versed in the problems of entrepreneurship;

    Scientific and business ties are expanding with other universities, research centers, organizations;

    There are new bases of practice for students;

    Improved interaction educational institutions with authority;

    From the creation of technology parks, of course, entrepreneurial structures of the region also benefit:

    Through the use of advanced technologies, the introduction of "know-how", etc.;

    Increasing the volume of exports of products;

    Increasing business relations at the international level, prestige and competitiveness of products;

    Facilitating access to the scientific and technical base;

    Opening the possibility of using the intellectual potential of universities;

    Opportunities for the general use of the most modern equipment that belongs to the park.

    All of the above and other elements of the infrastructure ensure the creation of an environment conducive to entrepreneurial activity and the rapid implementation of scientific results into production practice, which is a characteristic feature of not only technoparks, but also technopolises.

    One of the new directions for the development of entrepreneurial structures, which will own the future, are technopolises - organizational forms of association of scientific, innovative, scientific and technological parks and business incubators in a certain area to combine efforts and provide a powerful impetus for the economic development of the region.

    They have gained the greatest distribution over the past two decades in Japan. In accordance with the general development strategy of this state, taking into account the growing role of science and technology in solving socio-economic problems, 18 territorial centers have been identified in this country, in which regional scientific complexes (technopolises) are being formed, focused on priority development science-intensive production, the concentration of scientific forces and the strengthening of the potential of those areas of development of science and technology that will determine the level of production in the 21st century.

    Important features of technopolises are the interconnected solution of tasks for the modernization of traditional this region areas of industry and bringing them to the modern level, the choice of scientific areas that can be decisive for a given technopolis and which can ensure the advanced development of the production infrastructure. But the main thing is to create favorable conditions for employees, specialists and residents of the area on the industrial basis of which the technopolis is being formed. Thus, the fundamental feature is the orientation of the technopolis to meet the needs of people, improve their living standards and the economic prosperity of the region.

    A special place in the programs for the creation and development of technopolises is given to universities and the problem of training personnel in accordance with the high requirements that the technopolis imposes.

    Scientists and specialists from universities, other educational and scientific institutions are always involved in the development of the main programs for the development of the technopolis, they perform the functions of consultants and experts, training and retraining of personnel.

    Quite often, scientific and industrial parks, innovation and technology centers, research business incubators, etc. are involved in technopolises. The state also provides comprehensive support to programs for the formation and development of technopolises.

    In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type (TV SEZ) is being created in St. forest park Novo-Orlovsky) of St. Petersburg. A special economic zone is being created to localize organizations and science-intensive industries and create conditions for their development, as well as the development of the service sector in the field of high technologies.

    Previous
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    St. Petersburg: ANO IPEV, 2009. - 336 p. - ISBN 978-5-91460-023-2 (OCR layer).
    The structure and content of the textbook meet the requirements of the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education of the second generation (No. 238 eq/sp approved 03/17/2000).
    The textbook gives a systematic understanding of the fundamentals of entrepreneurial organization.
    activities and contributes to the formation of an innovative worldview. The history of the formation and stages of development of entrepreneurship in Russia, the essence and methods of entrepreneurial activity, the environment and types of entrepreneurial structures are consistently considered.
    Much attention is paid to practical issues related to the search for an entrepreneurial idea, protection information resources and ensuring the safety of business activities. All problems are considered taking into account the specific conditions for the development of market relations in modern Russia,
    It is intended for students of specialty 060800 "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)", graduate students, teachers of economic universities and faculties, as well as entrepreneurs in various fields of activity.
    Table of contents:
    Preface.
    Introduction.
    Thanks.
    Essence of Entrepreneurship
    - Development of domestic entrepreneurship.
    - The economic nature and content of entrepreneurship.
    - Entrepreneurship as a special form of economic activity.
    - Entrepreneurial environment.
    - Purposes of entrepreneurial activity.
    Tasks.
    Test questions.

    Recommended literature.
    Entrepreneurial network - a form of organization of inter-firm interaction of business entities
    - Fundamentals of the formation of entrepreneurial networks.
    - Network associations in the investment and construction sector.
    - Clusters - network territorial associations.
    - Innovative entrepreneurial networks: technology parks, policies.
    - Regional business networks: business centers, business incubators.
    Tasks.
    Test questions.
    Control questions for self-examination.
    Recommended literature.
    Commercial organizations as a business entity
    - The essence of the terms "organization" and "enterprise".
    - Organizational and legal forms of commercial organizations.
    - Factors influencing the choice of organizational and legal form -organization.
    - Building Basics organizational structure. Types of commercial organizations.
    - Forms of integration of companies.
    Tasks.
    Test questions.
    Control questions for self-examination.
    Recommended literature.
    Efficiency and business culture
    - Principles and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.
    - Planning the development of business entities.
    - Ethics and culture in business.
    - Innovative corporate culture.
    - Organizational and managerial innovations.
    Tasks.
    Test questions.
    Control questions for self-examination.
    Recommended literature.
    Business security
    - Economic security.
    - Hostile mergers and acquisitions.
    - Opposition to raiding (aggressive policy).
    - Information Security.
    - Protection of information resources and improvement of information security.
    Tasks.
    Test questions.
    Control questions for self-examination.
    Recommended literature.
    Conclusion.
    Applications.

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